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low rise construction > Week 2 > Flashcards

Week 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What loads are buildings subjected to?

A
  • Dead loads
  • Live loads
  • Wind loads
  • Earthquake loads
  • Loads due to soil pressure
  • Loads due to hydrostatic/hydrodynamic pressure
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2
Q

What is hydrostatic pressure?

A

The pressure exerted by a fluid at equilibrium at any point of time due to the force of gravity

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3
Q

What is hydrodynamic pressure?

A

The pressure a fluid exerts on an object due to the object’s motion through a fluid

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4
Q

What are the 3 axes of structural elements?

A
  1. Longitudinal axis
  2. Major Axis
  3. Minor Axis
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5
Q

How is the longitudinal axis viewed?

A

Parallel to length

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6
Q

What are the types of stresses in building elements?

A
  • Axial stresses
  • Bending stresses
  • Shear stresses
  • Torsional stresses
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7
Q

What is tensile stress?

A

Pulling apart from two points

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8
Q

What is compressive stress?

A

Pushing in from two points

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9
Q

What is shear stress?

A

Pulling apart from 2 points on different planes

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10
Q

What are the characteristics of ‘axial stresses’?

A
  • Load along or in the transverse direction of the line (longitudinal axis)
  • Axial loading can be compression or tension
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11
Q

What is the load-stress relationship equation?

A

Stress = Load / cross-sectional area

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12
Q

What are the characteristics of ‘bending stresses’?

A
  • Transverse loading induces bending stresses
  • Top part of beam is subjected to compression
  • Bottom part of the beam is subjects to stretching (tensile stress)
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13
Q

What are the characteristics of ‘shear stresses’?

A
  • Developed by transverse loading
  • Tends to deform the beam along a plane by slippage
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14
Q

What must buildings adequately have?

A
  • Sound performance
  • Heat performance
  • Daylight provisions
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15
Q

What are the two types of waves?

A
  1. Mechanical waves
  2. Electromagnetic waves
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16
Q

What are mechanical waves?

A

Requires a medium (solid, liquid, or gas) to propagate

e.g. Sound

17
Q

What are electromagnetic waves?

A

Does not require a medium to propagate

e.g. light

18
Q

What is the ‘crest’ in reference to wave behavior?

A

The maximum amount of positive movement from the equilibrium position

19
Q

What is the ‘trough’ in reference to wave behavior?

A

The maximum amount of negative movement from the equilibrium position

20
Q

What is the ‘wave length’ in reference to wave behavior?

A

the length between two adjacent crests or troughs (i.e. a cycle)

21
Q

What is the ‘amplitude’ in reference to wave behavior?

A

The maximum amount of displacement from the equilibrium positions

22
Q

What is the definition of ‘airborne sounds’?

A

Noises inside a building without physical impact between the building mass and sound source

e.g. voices

23
Q

What is the definition of ‘impact sounds’?

A

Noises that are a result of physical impact on a building mass

e.g. footsetps, slamming doors

24
Q

How is sound measured?

A

In dB

25
Q

What is sound insulation?

A

Construction elements that: absorb, reflect, or diffuse soundwaves

e.g. walls and floors

26
Q

What is sound reflection?

A
  • Portion of soundwaves bounced off a construction element
  • Reflection is suitable when the sound source is outside the building
  • When the sound source is inside, reflection leads to echo effect
27
Q

What is sound diffusion?

A
  • A larger sound wave is broken into several smaller waves when hit with an irregular surface (e.g. carpet)
  • Smaller waves have less energy thus travelling less distance
  • Diffusion suitable for reduction of sound inside a building
28
Q

What is sound absorption?

A
  • Acoustic materials can be engineered to deaden the sound waves (energy)
  • Acoustic materials can be engineered to achieve the optimum balance between density and porosity.
29
Q

What is the ‘Sound Reduction Index (Rw)’?

A
  • Measures the ability of a construction component to insulate airborne noise
  • +1 Rw approximately equals -1 dB
  • Sound proofing capacity is measured as Rw+Ctr
30
Q

What is the best form of impact sound insulation?

A
  • Discontinuous construction (reduces vibrations)
  • Floor topping has a significant influence on the impact of sound resistance
31
Q

What is heat balance?

A

The desired temperature in a building

32
Q

What are the 3 heat transferring mechanisms?

A
  1. Conduction - Transmission of heat between molecules by direct contact
  2. Convection - Transmission of heat through fluids (liquids & gas)
  3. Radiation - Transmission of heat from one radiant energy source to another without the need of a medium
33
Q

What is thermal comfort determined by?

A
  1. Thermal mass
  2. Thermal resistance
34
Q

What is thermal mass?

A

The ability of a construction material to absorb and store thermal energy

35
Q

What is the equation showing the relationship between thermal energy, mass, and temperature rise?

A

Q = m C ∆T

Q: thermal energy absorbed/released

C: Thermal mass or specific heat

∆T: Temperature difference due to energy absorption or release

36
Q

What are thermal characteristics of heavy construction materials?

A

Have a beneficial thermal mass, but thermal resistance is low

37
Q

What is the term for thermal resistance?

A

‘R-value’

(insulation has high R values)

38
Q

What are the characteristics of daylight on buildings?

A
  • Natural light is an advantage
  • Unwanted heat gain from sunlight adversely influences thermal comfort
  • Major light/heat gaining components (e.g. windows) can be oriented according to sun path

low rise construction (5 decks)

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