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DAY 1 - GENERAL GEOLOGY > Week 2 > Flashcards

Week 2 Flashcards

1
Q

This theory is widely accepted by theologians in the early 1800s due to similarity with Biblical events such as the Noachian Flood?

A

Catastrophism

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2
Q

What is the dominant rock type in oceanic crust?

A

Basalt

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3
Q

Thickness of continental crust

A

30-70 km

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4
Q

What is the average composition of the upper continental crust?

A

Granodiorite

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5
Q

What is the dominant rock type in the uppermost mantle?

A

peridotite

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6
Q

What does the term “lithosphere” refer to in Earth’s structure?

A. Soft, weak layer
B. Solid, rocky shell
C. Liquid outer core
D. Molten magma

A

B. Solid, rocky shell

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7
Q

Density of the Earth in g/cm3 and kg/m3.

A

5.52 g/cm3
5515 kg/m3

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8
Q

Why is Earth considered a dynamic planet?

A. Constant eruptions
B. Frequent earthquakes
C. Gradual changes over time
D. Rapid rotation

A

C. Gradual changes over time

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9
Q

What was the revolutionary proposal in the early 20th century regarding Earth’s continents?

A

Drifting Continents

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10
Q

What is the average distance of Earth from the Sun?

A

149.6 M km

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11
Q

According to plate tectonics, what causes the motion of Earth’s lithospheric plates?

A

Convection Currents

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12
Q

What method is used to establish the age of the Earth in 1953?

A

U-Pb dating

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13
Q

What are two consequences of the heating and differentiation of the Earth?

A. Formation of oceans and deserts
B. Formation of atmosphere and hydrosphere
C. Formation of mountains and valleys
D. Formation of glaciers and rivers

A

B. Formation of atmosphere and hydrosphere

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14
Q

Name of the meteorite that is used to establish the age of the Earth.

A

Canyon Diablo Meteorite

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15
Q

What distinguishes the mesosphere from the asthenosphere?

A. Lower temperature
B. Greater depth
C. Weaker composition
D. Lower pressure

A

B. Greater depth

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16
Q

Enumerate the layers of the Earth’s atmosphere from highest to lowest altitude.

A
  1. Exosphere
  2. Thermosphere
  3. Mesosphere
  4. Stratosphere
  5. Tropopause
  6. Troposphere
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17
Q

What are the equatorial and polar radius of the Earth?

A

Equatorial Radius - 6378 km
Polar Radius - 6357 km

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18
Q

What are the equatorial and polar circumference of the Earth?

A

equatorial circumference - 40 0076 km
polar circumference - 40 008 km

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19
Q

What does the Uniformitarianism states?

A

The present is the key to the past.

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20
Q

What is the average density of Earth’s core, and what elements primarily compose it?

A

11 g/cm^3
Iron and Nickel

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21
Q

What role did the blue-green algae play?

A

Contributed to the origin of life.

22
Q

Enumerate the meteorites discovered in the Philippines.

A
  1. Bondoc
  2. Calivo
  3. Orconuma
  4. Paitan
  5. Pampanga
  6. Pantar
23
Q

Give the composition of the Solar System.

A

Hydrogen and helium gas - 98%
Hydrogen Compounds - 1.4%
Rocks and various minerals - .4%
Metals (Fe, Ni, Al) - .2%

24
Q

What are the three types of meteorites?

A

Stony Meteorite
Stony - Iron Meteorite
Iron Meteorite

25
Q

What are the 5 mass extinctions?

A
  1. End Ordovician (444 mya)
  2. Late Devonian (360 mya)
  3. End Permian (250 mya)
  4. End Triassic (200 mya)
  5. End Cretaceous (65 mya)
26
Q

Describe the composition of the Earth’s crust, mantle, and core.

A

Continental Crust - granodiorite
oceanic crust - basalt
mantle - peridotite, perovskite
core - Fe, Ni

27
Q

What is the biosphere?

A

Part of the Earth where life exists.

28
Q

Differentiate the Milankovitch Cycles.

A

Eccentricity (Orbit Shape) - 100,000 yrs cycle
Obliquity (Tilt) - 41,000 yrs cycle
Axial Precession (Wobble) - 26,000 yrs cycle

29
Q

Name the 7 major plates of the world from largest to smallest.

A

Pacific Plate
North American Plate
Eurasian Plate
African Plate
Antarctic Plate
Indo-Australian Plate
South American Plate

30
Q

Differentiate mountains, mountain ranges, and mountain belts.

A

Mountains - elevated feature of continents
Mountain Ranges - chains of mountains
Mountain Belts - mountain ranges that run across a vast area

31
Q

What are the mechanisms for plate motion?

A

Ridge Push
Slab Pull
Mantle Plume

32
Q

What features are produced in the 3 types of convergent plate boundaries?

A

Oceanic - Oceanic - Island Arcs
Oceanic - Continental - Continental Arcs
Continental - Continental - Mountain Ranges

33
Q

Differentiate abyssal hills and abyssal plains.

A

Abyssal Hills - relatively small hills, rising as much as 900 m above the surrounding ocean floor; most widespread landforms on Earth.
Abyssal Plain – forms near the continental margins where land-derived sediment completely covers the abyssal hills.

34
Q

Define crustal rebound.

A

The rise of the crust after removal of its load.

35
Q

What were the fossil evidence supporting the Continental Drift Theory.

A

Cynognathus (3m long land reptile)
Mesosaurus (freshwater reptile)
Lystrosaurus (land reptile)
Glossopteris (fern)

36
Q

Who established the age of the Earth and discuss how was it determined?

A

Clair C. Patterson; by reporting the ratio of lead types found Canyon Diablo meteorites and comparing them to lead ratios found in the other rocks on the Earth and other meteorites.

Age: 4.55 B y/o

37
Q

Illustrate the three (3) types of tectonic plate movements.

A
38
Q

Describe the asthenosphere and its role in lithospheric movement.

A

Weak, plastic layer; facilitates lithospheric movement. This is because this zone within the upper mantle is where temperature and pressure are at just the right balance so that part of the material melts.The rocks become soft plastic in behavior and flowing like warm tar.

39
Q

Illustrate the whole mantle convection.

A
40
Q

Illustrate the 5 seismic discontinuities.

A

Conrad
Mohorovicic
Repetti
Gutenberg
Lehman

41
Q

Show an illustration of the magnetic lines during normal polarity.

A
42
Q

Illustrate partial melting.

A
43
Q

Explain the continental drift and provide evidences that support this theory.

A
44
Q

Illustrate the parts of a continental margin.

A
45
Q

Illustrate the Earth’s internal layers with the corresponding thickness and composition.

A
46
Q

Illustrate the rock cycle.

A
47
Q

Illustrate the differences between comets, asteroids, meteoroids, meteor, and meteorite. Provide a description of each.

A

Comets - mixture of ice and dust; elliptical orbit around the sun
Asteroid - mostly in asteroid belt (between mars and jupiter)
meteoroid - smaller than asteroid; stone/metal in space
meteor - entered earth’s atmosphere
meteorite - hits the earth’s surface

48
Q

What are the factors that are believed to have been critical in helping Earth maintain a stable environment for the evolution of life?

A
  1. Steady energy output from the sun
  2. Earth’s internal heat and plate tectonics help regulate the amount of CO2
  3. Jupiter’s large size helped clear asteroids and comets to cause catastrophic impacts
  4. Moon has reduced the wobble of Earth’s axis
49
Q

Explain the dwarf planet and give an example.

A

It is a celestial body that:

(a) is in orbit around the Sun;
(b) has sufficient mass for its self-gravity to overcome rigid body forces so that it assumes a hydrostatic equilibrium;
(c) has not cleared the neighborhood around its orbit; and
(d) is not a satellite.
Examples: Pluto, Eris (UB313), Ceres

50
Q

List the 4 types of processes that appreciably affect planetary surface.

A
  1. Impact cratering
  2. Volcanism
  3. Tectonism
  4. Atmosphere

DAY 1 - GENERAL GEOLOGY (1 decks)

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