week 2 Flashcards
cells that produce antibodies
Plasma cells
cytokines
Chemical messengers secreted by immune and other cells
opsonization
The process of covering bacteria with antibodies to promote phagocytosis of the microorganisms
Where are neutrophils produced and stored in the body?
Bone marrow
Benefits of normal flora
In the intestines, they produce some B vitamins and vitamin K, which are absorbed into the body. During childhood, normal development of the immune system. - produce antibacterial factors and employ other mechanisms that prevent pathogenic organisms from becoming established. Antibiotic therapy that disrupts normal flora may allow overgrowth of pathogens such as fungi. If normal flora are displaced into areas of the body that are usually sterile, or if an individual becomes immunocompromised, they can cause glossary iconopportunistic infection.
most common bacterial forms
spherical (cocci), rodlike (bacilli), and spiral (spirochetes)
viruses consist of…
nucleic acids (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a proteinaceous glossary iconcapsid. Some viruses have an external membrane called an envelope. Viruses replicate by entering host cells and using their viral nucleic acids to direct the host cell to make new virus.
fungi
are eukaryocytes (have a nucleus) that take the form of yeasts (single-celled spheres) or molds, or both (dimorphic). They are not motile and have thick polysaccharide cell walls.
parasites
include protozoa, helminths, and arthropods. Protozoa are single-celled intracellular parasites that are larger than bacteria and have an organized nucleus. These organisms frequently infect the gastrointestinal tract, although infection of the liver, lungs, central nervous system, and other locations is possible. Protozoal infections usually occur in the presence of infected water (e.g., amebiosis) or by sexual transmission (e.g., Trichomonas vaginalis), ingestion (e.g., Toxoplasmosis gondii), inhalation (e.g., Pneumocystis jerovici), or insect vectors (e.g., malaria).
pus
contains dead phagocytic cells, protein, and debris from damaged cells, is associated with bacterial infections.
dermatophyte
a fungus that attacks the skin
tinea pedis
“athlete’s foot”
candidiasis
(infection with Candida albicans) in warm moist skin areas
vulvovaginal candidiasis)
vaginal yeast infections
the 4 major types of infectious organisms
bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites
What are the risks if pathogenic bacteria enter the blood?
septic shock, multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), and death.
Viral replication depends on the ability of the virus to penetrate a permissive host. . Name the steps
1 - binding of the virus to the surface of the host cell
2 - penetration into the cytoplasm (can be by endocytosis)
3 - virus sheds its capsid (uncoating)
thrus
presence of Candida albicans in the oral cavity
cestodes
tapeworms
4 classic manifestations of chronic inflammation
redness, heat, swelling, and pain
Latin names rubor (redness), calor (heat), tumor (swelling), and dolor (pain)
A fifth clinical sign is loss of function (functio laesa).
inflamation
a protective response to injury that occurs in vascular tissue (tissue that has blood vessels). It assists in removing pathogens and other sources of injury from the body, cleaning up tissue debris caused by the injury, and beginning the processes of tissue repair. usually beneficial but can damage normal cells if prolonged or severe
Mast cells
are the most important activators of inflammation. They are tissue cells that release vasoactive and chemotactic chemicals from their granules in response to tissue injury and other stimuli.
Neutrophils
(polymorphonucleocytes, or PMNs) are the first phagocytes to arrive at the inflamed site; they ingest bacteria and debris and secrete oxidizing chemicals and cytokines.
Macrophages
second major phagocytes to arrive at an inflamed site; they are strongly phagocytic, and also secrete cytokines and growth factors. Circulating monocytes become macrophages when they enter tissues.
Eosinophils
increase inflammation by releasing chemicals or by acting directly on parasites.
Basophils
function much like mast cells and release numerous vasoactive and chemotactic mediators.
Platelets
prevent bleeding from injured vessels by participating in clotting; they also can enhance the inflammatory response through the release of several inflammatory mediators.
Mast cell granules
contain many inflammatory mediators, including histamine, proteolytic enzymes, and chemotactic factors. Tissue injury and some other stimuli cause mast cells to degranulate, releasing these chemical mediators that trigger the inflammatory process.
hypermia
increased blood flow to an area; happens when there is a brief vasoconstriciton followed by prolonged vasolilation
Cause of vasodilation in inflamation
chemical mediators released by mast cells and other cells that become activated; increased blood flow brings white blood cells, fluids and proteins to area of injury = red and warm
What’s the role of chemichal mediators in inflamation?
cause endothelial cells to retract in the blood vessel, oepening the spaces b/n them which allows fluid, WBCs and proteins to move out of the vessel and into the tissues. = swelling
What’s thr role of WBCs in inflamation?
adhere to the vessel walls near area of injury by sticking to endothelial adgesion molecules. roll down the surface of the endothelial cells toward the openings in the vascular wall and squeeze through them (diapedesis)
Marginization
Phagocytes move to the edges (margins) of postcapillary venules near the site of tissue injury or other cause of inflammation.
Rolling and Firm Adhesion
Phagocytes begin to adhere to the glossary iconendothelium via interaction of leukocyte and endothelial glossary iconadhesion molecules, and then roll down the endothelial surface until they adhere firmly and stop rolling. Endothelial and these leukocyte adhesion molecules include selectins, integrins, intercellular adhesion molecules (ICAM), and vascular cell adhesion molecules (VCAM), which appear in the cell membranes due to the action of inflammatory mediators.
Diapedesis
Phagocytes squeeze between endothelial cells and cross the basement membrane into the tissues. Additional adhesion molecules help the phagocytes move between the endothelial cells.
Chemotaxix
After leukocytes have exited blood vessels through diapedesis, they move through the tissues toward the area of injury by this process
The functions of phagocytes in inflammation
removing foreign invaders and dead cells, helping to induce adaptive immunity, and promoting healing by clearing cellular debris and secreting cytokines, growth factors, and angiogenesis factors.
