WEEK 2

Question 1

Bias

Answer 1

Has evolved to become a preference in favor of or against a person, group of people, or thing.

Question 2

Data bias

Answer 2

Is a type of error that systematically skews results in a certain direction.

Question 3

What do you have to think about when you collect data ?

Answer 3

As a data analyst, you have to think about bias and fairness from the moment you start collecting data to the time you present your conclusions.

Question 4

Sampling bias

Answer 4

is when a sample isn’t representative of the population as a whole.

Question 5

Unbiased sampling

Answer 5

Results in a sample that’s representative of the population being measured.

Question 6

3 DATA BIAS

Answer 6

observer bias, interpretation bias, and confirmation bias

Question 7

Observer bias

Answer 7

It’s the tendency for different people to observe things differently.

Question 8

Interpretation bias

Answer 8

The tendency to always interpret ambiguous situations in a positive, or negative way.

Question 9

Confirmation bias

Answer 9

Is the tendency to search for, or interpret information in a way that confirms preexisting beliefs.

Question 10

Observer bias is somtimes refered to

Answer 10

Experimental bias
Research bias

Question 11

ROCCC process

Answer 11

Reliable
Original
Current
Comprehensive
Cited

Question 12

Reliable

Answer 12

With this data you can trust that you’re getting accurate, complete and unbiased information that’s been vetted and proven fit for use

Question 13

Original

Answer 13

There’s a good chance you’ll discover data through a second or third party source. To make sure you’re dealing with good data, be sure to validate it with the original source

Question 14

Comprehensive

Answer 14

The best data sources contain all critical information needed to answer the question or find the solution.

Question 15

Current

Answer 15

The usefulness of data decreases as time passes. If you wanted to invite all current clients to a business event, you wouldn’t use a 10-year-old client list. The same goes for data.

Question 16

Cited

Answer 16

If you’ve ever told a friend where you heard that a new movie sequel was in the works, you’ve cited a source. Citing makes the information you’re providing more credible.

Question 17

There’s lots of places that are known for having good data.

Answer 17

Your best bet is to go with the vetted public data sets, academic papers, financial data, and governmental agency data.

Question 18

Bad data

Answer 18

Not Reliable
Not Original
Not Current
Not Comprehensive
Not Cited

Question 19

Not Reliable

Answer 19

Bad data can’t be trusted because it’s inaccurate, incomplete, or biased.
This could be data that has sample selection bias because it doesn’t reflect the overall population.
Or it could be data visualizations and graphs that are just misleading.

Question 20

Not Original

Answer 20

If you can’t locate the original data source and you’re just relying on second or third party information, that can signal you may need to be extra careful in understanding your data.

Question 21

Not comprehensive.

Answer 21

Bad data sources are missing important information needed to answer the question or find the solution. What’s worse, they may contain human error, too.

Question 22

Not current

Answer 22

Bad data sources are out of date and irrelevant. Many respected sources refresh their data regularly, giving you confidence that it’s the most current info available.

Question 23

Not cited.

Answer 23

If your source hasn’t been cited or vetted, it’s a no-go.

Question 24

Data ethics

Answer 24

Refers to well- founded standards of right and wrong that dictate how data is collected, shared, and used.

Question 25

Six different aspects of data ethics :

Answer 25

ownership, transaction transparency, consent, currency, privacy, and openness.

Question 26

Ownership

Answer 26

who owns data?
It isn’t the organization that invested time and money collecting, storing, processing, and analyzing it.

It’s individuals who own the raw data they provide, and they have primary control over its usage, how it’s processed and how it’s shared.

Question 27

Transaction Transparency

Answer 27

Which is the idea that all data processing activities and algorithms should be completely explainable and understood by the individual who provides their data.

Question 28

Concent

Answer 28

This is an individual’s right to know explicit details about how and why their data will be used before agreeing to provide it.

They should know answers to questions like why is the data being collected? How will it be used? How long will it be stored?

Question 29

Currency

Answer 29

Individuals should be aware of financial transactions resulting from the use of their personal data and the scale of these transactions.

Question 30

Privacy (information privacy or data protection.)

Answer 30

privacy means preserving a data subject’s information and activity any time a data transaction occurs.

Question 31

Person’s legal right to their data

Answer 31

This means someone like you or me should have protection from unauthorized access to our private data, freedom from inappropriate use of our data, the right to inspect, update, or correct our data, ability to give consent to use our data, and legal right to access our data.

Question 32

Openness

Answer 32

Free access, usage, and sharing of data.

Question 33

Data anonymization

Answer 33

is the process of protecting people’s private or sensitive data by eliminating that kind of information.

Question 34

Here is a list of data that is often anonymized

Answer 34

Telephone numbers

Names

License plates and license numbers

Social security numbers

IP addresses

Medical records

Email addresses

Photographs

Account numbers

Question 35

Open Data standards

Answer 35

Open data must be :
Available
Provided in terms of Reuse and redistribution
Object of universal particiation

Question 36

Data Interoperability

Answer 36

Is the ability of data systems and services to openly connect and share data.

For example, data interoperability is important for health care information systems where multiple organizations such as hospitals, clinics, pharmacies, and laboratories need to access and share data to ensure patients get the care that they need.

This is why your doctor is able to send your prescription directly to your pharmacy to fill. They have compatible databases that allow them to share information.

Question 37

Steps for ethical data use

Answer 37

self-reflect and understand what it is that you’re doing and the impact that it has

And then also, think about the various harms and risks associated with the work that you’re doing.

what’s the risk of holding onto this dataset? What’s the potential harm that could arise if you continue to look at the dataset and continue to store it and continue to retrieve this data?

Are you informing those that you’re collecting data from how it’s going to be used?

What’s the communication channel like?

What’s the communication channel like?