Week 17 - Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 main types of stroke?

A

Ischaemic
Haemorrhagic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are some common symptoms of a stroke?

A

Typically asymmetrical
- limb weakness
- facial weakness
- dysphagia
- visual field defects
- sensory loss
- ataxia
- vertigo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What defines a TIA?

A

Temporary neurological dysfunction (<24hrs)
Caused by ischaemia but without infarction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are crescendo TIAs?

A

2 or more TIAs within a week

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What can be the causes of ischaemia in a stroke?

A

Embolism
Thrombosis
Systemic hypoperfusion
Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the classification system of Ischaemic stroke? What are the types?

A

Bamford classification
- total anterior circulation stroke
- partial anterior circulation stroke
- posterior circulation syndrome
- lacunae stroke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the criteria for a total anterior circulation stroke?

A

All 3 of the following must be present:
• Unilateral weakness (and/or sensory deficit) of the face, arm and leg
• Homonymous hemianopia
• Higher cerebral dysfunction (dysphasia, visuospatial disorder)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the criteria for a partial anterior circulation stroke?

A

2 of the following need to be present:
• Unilateral weakness (and/or sensory deficit) of the face, arm and leg
• Homonymous hemianopia
• Higher cerebral dysfunction (dysphasia, visuospatial disorder)*

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the criteria for posterior circulation syndrome?

A

1 of the following needs to be present:
• Cranial nerve palsy and a contralateral motor/sensory deficit
• Bilateral motor/sensory deficit
• Conjugate eye movement disorder (e.g. horizontal gaze palsy)
• Cerebellar dysfunction (e.g. vertigo, nystagmus, ataxia)
• Isolated homonymous hemianopia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the criteria for a lacunae stroke?

A

1 of the following needs to be present:
• Pure sensory stroke
• Pure motor stroke
• Sensori-motor stroke
• Ataxic hemiparesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is a total anterior circulation stroke?

A

Large cortical stroke affecting the areas of the brain supplied by both the middle and anterior cerebral arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is a partial anterior circulation stroke?

A

Less severe form of TACS
Only part of the anterior circulation has been compromised

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is posterior circulation syndrome?

A

Involves damage to the area of the brain supplied by the posterior circulation e.g. Cerebellum and brainstem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is a lacunar stroke?

A

Subcortical stroke
Occurs secondary to small vessel disease
No loss of higher cerebral function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the 2 subtypes of haemorrhagic stroke?

A

Intracerebral haemorrhage
Subarachnoid haemorrhage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the most common cause of a subarachnoid haemorrhage?

A

Berry aneurysm in the circle of Willis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where do posterior cerebral arteries supply?

A

Mixture of medial and lateral areas of the posterior cerebrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Where do the middle cerebral arteries supply?

A

Majority of the lateral cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Where do the anterior cerebral arteries supply?

A

Ateromedial area of the cerebrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What symptoms are seen in a blockage of the anterior cerebral artery?

A

Weakness of contralateral leg
Behaviour changes

Typically present with weakness and sensory loss in the lower leg and foot opposite the lesion, incontinence and behaviour changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What symptoms are seen in a blockage of the middle cerebral artery?

A

Weakness of contralateral face and arm
Speech disturbance
Visual field defect
Intattention to stimuli
Sensory defecits

Typically present with symptoms most associated with stroke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What symptoms are seen in the blockage of the posterior cerebral artery?

A

Visual field defects
Sensory defecits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What symptoms are seen with a lesion in the vertebrobasilar system?

A

Dizziness
Ataxia
Impaired balance
Pupil and eye movement abnormalities
Changes in voice and swallowing
Weakness and sensory changes
Decreased level of consciousness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is found in grey matter?

A

Cell bodies
Cerebral cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is found in the white matter?

A

Glial cells and myelinated axons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the 4 lobes of the brain?

A

Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the function of the frontal lobe?

A

Higher intellect
Personality
Mood
Social conduct and language

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Where is the broca region located?

A

Frontal lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the function of the parietal lobe?

A

Language
Calculation
Visuospatial function

30
Q

What is the function of the temporal lobe?

A

Memory
Language
Hearing

31
Q

Where is wernickes area located?

A

Temporal lobe

32
Q

What is Broca’s area for?

A

Language retrieving

33
Q

What is wernickes area for?

A

Language articulating

34
Q

What is the function of the occipital lobe?

A

Vision

35
Q

What is the function of the pons?

A

Handles unconscious processes and jobs
E.g. sleep wake cycle, breathing

36
Q

What is the function of the medulla?

A

Helps control vital processes
E.g. heartbeat, breathing, BP

37
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

Helps maintain balance and posture

38
Q

What is the secondary prevention after someone’s had a stroke?

A

Clopidogrel 75mg once daily
Atorvostatin 20-80mg (delayed to at least 48 hours after event)
BP and diabetes control
Manage modifiable risk factors e.g. smoking, obesity and exercise

39
Q

What are the driving restrictions after a stoke?

A

Not allowed to drive for 1 month
Don’t need to tell DVLA if it’s TIA or Ischaemic stroke
Need to notify DVLA if it’s a haemorrhagic stroke

Should always personally tell DVLA of attack especially if HGV driver

40
Q

What is the function of the primary motor cortex when communicating with corticospinal tract?

A

Execution of movement

41
Q

What is the function of the premotor cortex when communicating with the corticospinal tract?

A

Control of behaviour especially of trunk muscles

42
Q

What is the function of the supplementary motor cortex when communicating with the corticospinal tract?

A

Stabilisation and coordination of the body during bimanual movements

43
Q

Where do nerves of the lateral corticospinal tract cross?

A

Medulal

44
Q

Where do nerves of the anterior corticospinal tract cross?

A

At level the spinal nerves enter

45
Q

Where do UMN and LMN synapse in the corticospinal tract?

A

Ventral horn

46
Q

Where do UMNs from the trigeminal (corticobulbar) tract arise?

A

Lateral aspect of the primary motor cortex

47
Q

Where do nerves of the trigeminal (corticobulbar) tract supply?

A

Muscles of head and neck

48
Q

What are the 3 layers of the meninges?

A

Dura mater - adhears to skull
Arachnoid Mater - directly beneath dura
Pia mater - adhears to brain and spinal cord

49
Q

What are the 2 functions of the meninges?

A

Provide a supportive framework for vessels
Form distinct comoartments to prevent injury

50
Q

Where is CSF produced?

A

Choroid plexus

51
Q

What is the function of CSF in the ventricles of the brain?

A

Protect brain against trauma
Provide nutrients
Removes waste product

52
Q

What connects the lateral ventricles to the 3rd ventricle?

A

Interventricular foramina

53
Q

Where CSF reabsorbed?

A

Arachnoid granulations

54
Q

What type of cells are found in the choroid plexus?

A

Cuboidal epithelial cells

55
Q

What is the main Thrombolysis given in Ischaemic stroke?

A

Alteplase

56
Q

What 2 conditions must be met before giving Alteplase Thrombolysis in a stroke event?

A

Must be administered within 4.5hrs of stroke symptoms
Haemorrhage must be definitively excluded

57
Q

What are the most common causes of an UMN lesion?

A

Stroke
MS
B12 deficiency
Brown-sequard syndrome
Trauma
Tumours
Severe infection
Dementia

58
Q

What does babinskis sign show?

A

UMN lesion

59
Q

What are some clinical signs of an UMN lesion?

A

• Disuse atrophy (minimal) or contractures
• Increased tone (spasticity/rigidity) +/- ankle clonus
• Pyramidal pattern of weakness (extensors weaker than flexors in arms, and vice versa in legs)
• Hyperreflexia
• Upgoing plantars (Babinski sign)

60
Q

What 2 features are associated with an UMN lesion and which 2 are associated with a LMN lesion?

A

UMN = hypertonia, spastic paralysis
LMN = hypotonia, flaccid paralysis

61
Q

What are some causes of LMN lesions?

A

Trauma to peripheral nerves
Viruses that attack ventral horn cells

62
Q

What clinical signs are seen in a LMN lesion?

A

• Marked atrophy
• Fasciculations
• Reduced tone
• Variable patterns of weakness
• Reduced or absent weakness
• Downgoing plantars or absent response

63
Q

What symptoms does damage to Broca’s area cause?

A

○ Dysfluency
○ Impaired grammatical structure
○ Absence of small linking words
○ Slow, but comprehensible speech

64
Q

What symptoms are seen when there is damage to wernickes area?

A

○ Fluent speech lacking in meaningful content
○ Patients unaware of the scale of their aphasia

65
Q

What is the angular gyrus responsible for?

A

Reading and writing
Allows us to associate multiple types of language related info

66
Q

What symptoms are seen in damage to the angular gyrus?

A

○ Alexia - inability to recognize or read written words or letters, typically as a result of brain damage
○ Agraphia - inability to write letters, symbols, words, or sentences, resulting from damage to various parts of the brain.

67
Q

What is dysdiadochokinesia?

A

Inability to do rapid alternating movements

68
Q

What is the most common cause of a subarachnoid haemorrhage?

A

Uncontrolled hypertension

69
Q

What is the first investigation done in suspected stroke?

A

Non contrast CT head
Rule out haemorrhage

70
Q

What is the suggested treatment for Bell’s palsy?

A

Prednisolone 30mg if symptoms presented in last 72hrs