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Veterinary Anatomy 2 > Week 14: Body Systems - Fish & Amphibians > Flashcards

Week 14: Body Systems - Fish & Amphibians Flashcards

1
Q

What are some advantages of fish cuticle?

A

Makes the fish more difficult for predators to grab
Acts to reduce body friction in water
Has protective anti-pathogenic properties
Slows down water transfer across the skin

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2
Q

In what part of the skin are fish scales located?

A

Located within the stratum spongiosum and project toward (but do not pierce) the epidermis

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3
Q

Define: “operculum”

A

Flap of skin that covers the gills, supported by a series of small fin bones

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4
Q

What two layers is the fish dermis divided into?

A

(Outer) stratum spongiosum
(Inner) stratum compactum

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5
Q

What are “chromatophores” and where are they contained in the fish?

A

Pigment cells
Located within the stratum spongiosum

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6
Q

Where are mucous glands located in the fish skin?

A

The interspace between cells in the epidermis

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7
Q

Do the outer layers of epithelium in fish keratinise?

A

No - all layers of epithelium contain living cells that are capable of active division

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8
Q

Are chromatophores found above or below the scales in fish?

A

Below (or closely associated with) the scales

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9
Q

Describe the two different types of scales found in teleost fish

A

Cycloid scales: have a smooth contour
Ctenoid scales: have stiff spikes protruding from one edge

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10
Q

What is the function of the lateral line in fish?

A

Sensory system which allows fish to detect weak water motions and pressure gradients

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11
Q

What structures are located within the lateral line in fish?

A

Contains a series of pits which contain neuromast cells
Neuromast cells contain delicate hairs which are protected by a gel-like cap and are used to detect movement via vibration in the surrounding water

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12
Q

What fins are present on a rainbow trout and what functions do they have?

A

Cranial dorsal fin: stabilises the fish
Caudal dorsal fin: stabilises the fish
Anal fin: stabilises the fish
Caudal fin: propels the fish forward
Pectoral fins: turning, braking, balancing
Pelvic fins: turning, braking, propelling

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13
Q

How do fish smell?

A

Olfactory pits located on either side rostral to the eyes
Connected by a U-shaped tube containing vascular sensory epithelium
One opening is a water inlet, the other a water outlet

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14
Q

What structure forms the boundary between the head and the trunk in fish?

A

Caudal edge of the operculum

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15
Q

Define: “myomere”

A

Blocks of skeletal muscle arranged in sequence (zig-zag appearance)

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16
Q

Define: “myosepta”

A

Sheet of connective tissue which separates two myomeres (blocks of muscle)

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17
Q

Which muscle fibres are used for slow cruising in fish?

A

Lateral muscle fibres (slow)

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18
Q

What colour (usually) are lateral muscle fibres in fish?

A

Red - have a very good blood supply

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19
Q

Which muscle fibres are used for high speed swimming in fish?

A

Dorsal and ventral muscle fibres (fast)

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20
Q

What colour (usually) are dorsal and ventral muscle fibres in fish?

A

White

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21
Q

How does water pass over the gills in fish?

A

In a cranial caudal direction (and exits through the opercular opening)
When the mouth opens, water is drawn into the buccal cavity/pharynx
When the mouth closes, water is pushed out through the gills

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22
Q

What are the two coeloms present in fish?

A

Pericardial coelom: lined by pericardium and contains the heart
Peritoneal/abdominal coelom: contains all other viscera

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23
Q

What structures support the gills?

A

Skeletal/branchial arches (attach dorsally and ventrally to the walls of the pharynx)

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24
Q

What are “gill rakers” and what purpose do they serve?

A

Projections on the cranial surface of the gill arch that act as filters to protect the gills from ingested particles

25
Q

Where are the gill rays (filaments) located?

A

On the caudal surface of the gill arch

26
Q

What are primary and secondary lamellae?

A

Primary lamellae: rays with epithelial coverings
Secondary lamellae: dorsal and ventral projections of the primary lamellae (increase surface area)

27
Q

What makes oxygen uptake by the gills so efficient?

A

Blood flow through the capillaries in lamellae is in the opposite direction to water flow through the gills, causing counter-current exchange/flow, ensuring that blood always meets water with a higher oxygen content

28
Q

Define: “spiracle”

A

Additional water inlet present in some fish which connects the pharynx to the dorsal surface

29
Q

What type of circulation pattern do fish exhibit, and why is this beneficial?

A

Single circulation (blood passes through the heart only once per circulation)
The heart works under low pressure to not damage the gills

30
Q

How many chambers are present in a fish heart?

A

Two (a thin-walled atrium and a thicker-walled ventricle)

31
Q

How does deoxygenated blood returning from the body re-enter (and exit) the heart in fish?

A

Enters the atrium via a sac-like compartment called the sinus venosus, before moving to the ventricle where it’s pumped into the ventral aorta

32
Q

What is the “bulbus arteriosus” and what is its function in fish?

A

Enlarged portion of the ventral aorta (fibrous connective tissue structure - appears white)
Acts as a shock absorber, protecting the gills from high pressures

33
Q

What valves are present in a fish heart?

A

Sino-atrial valve: between the sinus venosus and atrium
Atrio-ventricular valve: between the atrium and ventricle
There are also flaps leading from the ventricle into the aorta

34
Q

What is the alimentary system in fish composed of?

A

Mouth, buccal cavity and pharynx
Teeth (jaws, buccal cavity, pharynx, tongue)
GI tract (oesophagus, stomach, intestine, rectum)
Accessory organs (liver, gall bladder, pancreas)

35
Q

How do fish add and remove air to/from the gas bladder?

A

Add gas by swallowing air at the water surface
Can expel gas through the mouth and gills

36
Q

What shape are the stomach and intestines in fish?

A

The stomach is J-shaped
The intestine is U-shaped

37
Q

What are the functions of the kidneys in fish?

A

Primary excretory organ in fish
Excrete excess water while retaining most of the filtered solutes

38
Q

Define: “milt”

A

Mixture of sperm and fluid medium (fish)

39
Q

Is fertilisation in fish internal or external?

A

External - once a female deposits her eggs, a male will eject a cloud of milt over them to fertilise them

40
Q

What’s the difference between “hard roe” and “soft roe”

A

Hard roe: fish ova which appear as clusters of orange-white spheres
Soft roe: fish testes

41
Q

What are the functions of amphibian skin?

A

Secretions help maintain a moist surface for gas exchange
Evaporation of glandular secretions are used to regular core body temperature
Skin colour modulates the solar energy absorption

42
Q

What three orders are part of the class Amphibia and subclass Lissamphibia?

A

Caudata (newts, salamanders, sirens)
Anura (frogs, toads)
Gymnophonia (caecilians)

43
Q

Define: “physostomous” and “physoclistous”

A

Physostomous: swim bladder is directly connected to the GI tract
Physoclistous: closed system where the fish relies on the transfer of gas from the gas bladder to adjoining blood capillaries and back

44
Q

What term is used to describe a symmetrical tail in fish?

A

Homocercal

45
Q

Define: “ectothermic”

A

Rely on environmental heat and adaptive behaviour to maintain body temperature

46
Q

Do caecilians have a pelvic girdle?

A

No - they move through a worm-like contraction of regional parts of the body

47
Q

What type of locomotion do anurans exhibit?

A

Saltatory locomotion (jumping)

48
Q

What is the term used to describe the fused caudal vertebrae in anurans?

A

Urostyle

49
Q

What two body cavities are present in amphibians?

A

Pericardial cavity: contains the heart
Pleuroperitoneal cavity: contains the abdominal organs

50
Q

What structure separates the two cavities in amphibians?

A

Transverse septum

51
Q

How many chambers are in the amphibian heart?

A

3 (two atria and one ventricle)

52
Q

How would you describe the lungs of amphibians in comparison with other terrestrial mammals?

A

Fairly primitive
Simple sac-like structure
No true alveoli
Pulmonic tissue folded in to increase surface area
Gas exchange is supplemented across the skin

53
Q

Do amphibians have a diaphragm?

A

No - they rely on coordinated movement of the axial and appendicular muscle to move air in and out of the lungs

54
Q

What are the main methods amphibians use to detect prey?

A

Caecilians: olfactory
Salamanders: sight
Anurans: sight

55
Q

Describe amphibian teeth

A

Pedicled teeth
They use their teeth to hold prey rather than chew
They can shed and replace their teeth throughout life

56
Q

Define: “cloaca”

A

Common opening for the gastrointestinal, urinary and reproductive tracts for amphibians

57
Q

What type of kidneys do amphibians have?

A

Mesonephric kidneys (unable to concentrate their urine)

58
Q

Through which duct does sperm travel before it reaches the common cloacal opening?

A

Wolffian/Müllerian duct

Veterinary Anatomy 2 (3 decks)

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