Week 13

Question 1

What is social learning:

Answer 1

-acquiring information from others eg. observational learning
-humans unique in what can pass on information from one generation to next- cultural transmission of knowledge vis writing and artifacts (washing boards)

Question 2

Animal cultural transmission of knowledge: Tomassello

Answer 2

-18m old Imo washed potato in stream- 3m later Imo’s mother and 2 playmates and mothers (6) observed washing potatoes.
-next 2 years, 7 youngster observed. 3 yrs after initial observation 40% troop washing ptoations
-Not social learning- Monkeys up up behaviour easily on won (dont need others to show- spontaneous). Spread of behaviour was slow- speed did not increase as more members learned (eg viral trend)

Question 3

Lyons et al- new contraption

Answer 3

-researchers models 4 steps- 2 necessary, 2 not
-Early human social learning: 3-5 yrs when goal is not obvious: exact mimckry, over-immitation (did all 4 steps)
-HUmans are unique- have genetic predisposition to pay attention to others. Biological bias toward social interactions- pointing (not followed by animals) as developmental milestone in infancy-shared attention, emotional bonding

Question 4

Parenting styles
1.Warmth and responsiveness

Answer 4

High: openly warm and affectionate, involved with children (ask about their day), respond to emotional needs
Low: focused more on won needs, even sometimes hostile- since child interferes with own needs

Question 5

Parenting styles
2.Control

Answer 5

Efforts to set rules and impose limits on what children are allowed to do

Question 6

Authoritative:

Answer 6

explain rules and encourage discussion (high responsiveness)

Question 7

Authoritarian:

Answer 7

rules are to be followed without discussion (don’t feel need to explain since they are the parent); respect and obedience

Question 8

Permissive:

Answer 8

infrequent punishment (and inconsistent- don’t want to upset child), allow children to do what they want

Question 9

Uninvolved:

Answer 9

provides for basic needs but nothing else (not engaged)

Question 10

Impact of parenting- developmental outcomes:

Answer 10

Authoritative: responsible, self reliant, friendly children (parents model good relations-discussion); academic achievement
Authoritarian: unhappy, low self esteem, often aggressive- due to oppression
Permissive: impulsive, little self control - not modeled so cant control
Uninvolved: most difficulty; poor academic performance, aggression (needs not met)

Question 11

Cultural differences in parenting

Answer 11

Hamilton: Low depression ratings (Gr.10) associated with positive parenting styles
Asian cultures: cooperation and collaboration more important than individualism- more authoritarian parenting with positive outcome- since expected just accept it- respect in culture so don’t suffer
Latino cultures: respect for family; authoritarian
Low SES: more controlling and punitive- children as active and development as complex and dynamic→ education- educating everyone- future parents could have positive impact

Question 12

Parental behaviour impact children-observational learning

Answer 12

includes counter-imitation: learning what should not be done by watching others

Question 13

Parental behaviour impact children-direct instruction

Answer 13

telling a child what to do, when and why- why impact to have good manners- explain social and emotional consequences

Question 14

Parental behaviour impact children-feedback

Answer 14

classical and operant conditioning. Reinforcement: increases recurrence of response. Punishment: decreases recurrence of response

Question 15

Negative reinforcement Trap

Answer 15

-Parents unwittingly reinforce behaviours that want to discourage- reinforce complaining and whining by withdrawing command- child more likely to complain later

Question 16

Extinction:

Answer 16

-disappearance of response because of lack of reinforcement
-continuous reinforcement the first time reward is withheld the individual will notice and behavior will stop
-With partial reinforcement, takes longer for behaviour ro be extinguished- Dont’ notice when don’t get reinforcement but get excited when do; save praise for special occasions

Question 17

Should spanking be illegal?

Answer 17

-section 43 of criminal code of Canada- as long as does not exceed what is reasonable under circumstances
-2004- supreme court of canada- section 43 does not violate canadian charter of rights

Question 18

Parents may use physical punishment if:

Answer 18

-children are between ages of 2-12 (once can think abstractly can verbally explain severity)
-it is not degrading, humiliating or harmful
-delivered when one is collected and not angered
-used to correct or teach child- clear incorrect action

Question 19

punishment’s best when:

Answer 19

-administered directly after behaviour (children have bad memory)
-is consistent (break rule= punish)
-Accompanied by an explanation
-A warn, affectionate relationship exists

Question 20

Punishment and extinction

Answer 20

-skinner observed that punishment reduced behaviour only when punishing agent is present; behaviour continues when threat of punishment is removed- no extinction response (punishment not good to get rid of behaviour)
-punishment indicated what is inappropriate behaviour, but provides no guidance about desirable behaviour- role model good behaviour- so know what to do