Week 12: Prejudice Flashcards
What is prejudice?
A negative prejudgment of a group and its individual members
What is a stereotype?
a belief about the personal attributes of a group of people
can be positive or negative
What is Discrimination?
unjustifiable negative behaviour toward a group or its members
What are the 3 big sources of prejudice?
SMC
- Social sources - social inequalities, socialization
- Motivational sources - frustration & aggression, social identity theory
- Cognitive sources - categorization, distinctiveness
How does social inequalities influence prejudice?
- Justifying “status quo” - unequal status breeds prejudice
- Social dominance orientation
What is Social dominance orientation?
Social dominance orientation - motivation to have one’s group be dominant over other social groups
How does socialization influence prejudice?
- Authoritarian personality - teaches next gen the beliefs
- Ethnocentrism
What is an Authoritarian personality?
Authoritarian personality - disposed to favour obedience to authority and intolerance of out-groups and lower status groups
What is Ethnocentrism?
Ethnocentrism - belief in superiority of one’s own ethnic and cultural group, and having corresponding disdain for other groups
How does Frustration (and aggression) influence prejudice?
- Prejudice towards others due to “displaced aggression”
- Realistic group conflict theory - prejudice arises from competition between groups for scarce resources
How does social identity theory influence prejudice?
- We identify: We associate ourselves with certain groups (our in-groups) and gain self-esteem by doing so.
- We compare: We contrast our groups with other groups (out-groups), with a favourable bias toward our own groups.
- we have in-group bias
When is in-group bias heightened?
when group is small and lower in status, relative to out-group
What is infrahumanization?
in-group denying human attributes to out-group members
How does categorization influence prejudice?
Spontaneous categorization provides a foundation for prejudice
* reliant on stereotypes
When are we most reliant on stereotypes?
- tight on time
- preoccupied
- tired
- emotionally aroused
What is the Out-group homogeneity effect?
perception of out-group members as more similar to one another than are in-group members
What is the Own-race bias?
tendency for people to more accurately recognize faces of their own race
How does distincitiveness influence prejudice?
Distinctiveness feeds self-consciousness
* greater sensitivity to how being perceived
* in turn, perceptions of others are misinterpreted
* e.g., Kleck & Strenta (1980): “disfigured” woman experiment
Vivid cases - i.e. using shortcuts if an individual has limited experience
What is Group-serving bias?
dismissing out-group members’ positive behaviours; attributing negative behaviours to dispositions (while excusing such behaviour by own in-group)
What are the 4 consequences of prejudice?
- Self-perpetuating prejudgments
- self-fulfilling prophecy
- Stereotype threat
- Biasing judgments of individuals
What are Self-perpetuating prejudgments
- Prejudgments guide our attention and memories
- Prejudice involves preconceived judgments
- Prejudgments are inevitable
- Prejudgments are self-perpetuating - Subtyping. Helps maintain stereotypes
What is Subtyping?
Subtyping - putting people who deviate into a different class of people
What is a stereotype threat?
A disruptive concern, when facing a negative stereotype, that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype
How does stereotype threat undermine performance? 3 ways
Increasing stress
Increasing self-monitoring
Suppressing unwanted thoughts and emotions
How are judgments biased? 3 ways
- Strong stereotypes affect our judgments of individuals
- Stereotypes bias our interpretations of events.
- When our stereotypes are violated, we evaluate others more extremely
