Week 12 - Open Economy Markets Flashcards
What are the 3 dimensions of openess
1) openness in goods markets (fully open is free trade)
2) Openness in financial markets (free flow of financial assets)
3) openness in factor markets (firms choose where to locate production)
What is the balance of payments
records of a country’s international trade, borrowing and lending, capital and investment flows
What is the current account
records current (short-term) flows of funds in and out of a country
Why is service exports the focus?
many developed economies are focusing on serice exports. Developing economies specialise in lower cost manufacturing which is more readily available while developed economies have an advantage in highly skilled, more expensive labour
What is the net secondary income?
transfers made to residents of other countries - transfers received by Australians. This includes overseas aid, pensions and migrant’s funds.
What is net primary income?
income received by Australian residents from investment in other countries - income paid overseas on investment in Australia.
Why is net primary income persistently negative
Includes profits, dividends and interest repayments persistently negative in Australia as there is insufficient domestic savings leads to australians borrowing from abroad and foreign investment generates dividends and profits, which flow from overseas.
What is the capital account?
records migrants’ asset transfers, debt foreign and sales/buying of non produced, non-financial assets.
What is the financial account?
records purchases of physical and financial assets a country makes abroad and subtracts foreign purchases of these. Includes directs investment, portfolio investment, financial derivatives, RBA assets
What do the balance of payment =
0
What is the nominal exchange rate?
value of one country’s currency in terms of another
formula for the real exchange rate?
real exchange rate = domestic price level/foreign price level
What are 6 factors that can change the exchange rate?
1) changes in overseas demand for australian goods and services
2) changes in the desire to invest in Australia and Australian firms to invest overseas
3) changes in expectations of currency traders
4) changes in income and economic growth
5) changes in relative interest rates
6) speculation
What is a freely floating exchange rate
determined entirely by the free market
what is a fixed exchange rate?
value of currency is fixed against the value of another currency
What is a managed exchange?
currency is allowed to float in a pre-defined rage, outside of which gov intervention is used
What is the gold standard
National currency is redeemable in a certain amount of gold and all currencies adhered to a common standard.
What is the impact of currency appreciation
1) revenue in au falls for exporters
2) exports fall for things whose prices is determined in Australia as price is higher
3) imports are cheaper
4) NX falls
Define a flow
movement of real and financial resources across borders during a period of time
Define a stock
accumulation of those flows at a points in time
What does the AE model suggest about the international balance?
AE model and associated national income accounting suggests domestic savings that exceed domestic demand go overseas and vice-versa
Define terms of trade
ratio of export to import prices, higher means earning more on each unit of exports than it pays for imports
Formula for net foreign liability
net foreign debt + net foreign equity
What happened with Japan’s gov debt
very high debt level but mostly owned by the Bank of Japan and private people in Japan. It doesn’t have to be repaid but it limited scope for spending.
