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Micro > Week 12 Exam 4 > Flashcards

Week 12 Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

metabolism:
goal:
reactions:

A

metabolism: Collection of bio chemical reactions that take place in a microorganism
goal: reproduce organisms
reactions:
-anabolism: synthesis of larger molecules (endergonic=requires energy) (uses ATP)
-catabolism: breaks down large molecules (exergonic=makes energy)(releases ATP & energy)

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2
Q

Six categories of enzymes based on mode of action

  • hydrolases:
  • lsomerases:
  • ligases or polymerases:
  • lyases:
  • oxidoreductase:
  • transferases:
A
  • hydrolases: catabolize molecules using water in a decomposition process known as hydrolysis; depolymerization of molecules
  • lsomerases: rearrange items without adding or removing anything; neither anabolic or catabolic
  • ligases or polymerases: join to Michael’s together; requires ATP; anabolic
  • lyases: split large molecules without using water; catabolic
  • oxidoreductase: remove or add electrons to various substrates; anabolic and catabolic
  • transferases: transfer functional groups (amino group, phosphate group or acetyl group) between molecules; anabolic
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3
Q

metabolic pathway

A

Sequence of enzymatic reactions
(sequence of enzymatically catalyze chemical reactions)
Pathways are made up of enzymes; either catabolic or anabolic

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4
Q

Metabolic processes

A
  1. Every cell acquires nutrients
  2. Metabolism requires energy
  3. Energy is stored in the chemical bonds of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
  4. Cells catabolize nutrients to form precursor metabolites using enzymes
  5. Precursor metabolites, energy from ATP, and enzymes are used in anabolic (building) reactions
  6. Enzymes plus ATP form macromolecules through polymerization reactions
  7. Cells grow by assembling macromolecules into cellular structures.
  8. Cells reproduce once they have doubled in size
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5
Q

carbohydrate catabolism

A

Organisms oxidize carbs for energy source

Glucose is most common carb that’s catabolized by cellular respiration and fermentation

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6
Q

Aerobic Respiration

A

Glycolysis is first: oxidation of glucose to form pyretic acid
Produces: ATP and NADH

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7
Q

Three stages of glycolysis

A
  • Energy-investment
  • Lysis
  • Energy-conserving
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8
Q

Energy Investment

A
  • 1 ATP is used to form G-6-P
  • Atoms rearranged to form F-6-P
  • F-6-P is phosphorylated by 1 ATP to form F-1, 6-BP
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9
Q

Lysis Stage

A
  • F-6-P is lysised to form G3P & DHAP

- DHAP is rearranged to form another G3P

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10
Q

Energy-conserving stage

A
  • 2 G3P are oxidized to form 2 pyruvic acid
  • 2 NADH produced when NAD+ is reduced
  • 4 ATP produced (total) by substrate level phosphorylation when high energy phosphate is removed from 1,3 bisphophoglyceric acid
  • NET= 2 ATP
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11
Q

Glycolysis Overview

A 
-Reactants:
Glucose
2 ATP
4 ADP
2 NAD+
-Products:
2ADP
4 ATP
2NADH
2 Pyruvate
-Net:
2 ATP
2 NADH
2 Pyruvate
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12
Q

After Glycolysis:

A
  • Cellular respiration

- Fermentation

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13
Q

Cellular Respiration: what is produced
Three parts
2 types

A

Pyruvate is oxidized to produce ATP

  1. Synthesis of acetyl-COA
  2. Krebs cycle
  3. ETC
    - ATP is produced by oxidative phosphorylation
    aerobic: O2 is the final electron acceptor
    anaerobic: inorganic molecule that’s not O2 is final electron acceptor
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14
Q

Synthesis of acetyl-COA

A

-Pyruvate is oxidized and decarboxylated into acetyl-COA
-Produces:
2 NADH
2 CO2
2 Acetly-Coenzyme A

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15
Q

Krebs cycle

A

-Acetyl-CoAhas energy in its bonds
-Transfers energy to NAD+ & FAD
-Occurs in cytoplasm of prokaryotes
-produces:
2 ATP indirectly
2 FADH2
6 NADH
4 CO2

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16
Q

ETC

A

-series of redox reactions carried out by proteins that accept and donate electrons:
flavoprotiens
uniquinones
metal containing
cytochromes
-in cytoplasmic membrane
-O2, NO3-, SO4-, CO32- can be final electron acceptors

17
Q

Chemiosmosis

A
18
Q

Poisons that inhibit respiration

A
  • arsenic: bind to molecule needed to form acetyl-coa
  • mercury: stops oxidation reduction reactions in ETC
  • cyanide: blocks cytochrome-a3 from reducing oxygen & preventing final transfer of electrons in ETC
  • carbon monoxide: blocks final transfer of electron in O2
19
Q

Anaerobic respiration

electron acceptor/products

A
  • NO3-(pseudomonas & bacillus)/ NO2-, N2, & H20
  • SO4-(desulfovibrio)/ H2S & H20
  • CO32-(archaea methangens)/CH4 & H20
20
Q

Fermentation

A
  • incomplete oxidation of glucose
  • uses organic molecules as final electron acceptors
  • NADH is oxidized
  • helpful for identification
  • produces small amounts of ATP
21
Q

Types of fermentation

A

Alcohol: produces ethanol & CO2
Lactic: produces lactic acid
-homolactic: produces lactic acid only
-heterolatic: produces lactic acid and other compounds

22
Q

Lipid Catabolism

A

-

23
Q

Protein Catabolism

A

-

24
Q

Photosynthesis 2 types

A

Light dependent:

Light independent:

25
Q

Anabolism

A

Micro (8 decks)

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