week 12 Flashcards

1
Q

minerals

A

inorganic elements that retain their chemical identity (not destroyed by cooking or storing)

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2
Q

the trace minerals

A

iodine
iron
zinc
sulphur
selenium
fluoride
chromium
copper

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3
Q

iodine function

A
  • integral part of thyroxine (hormone)
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4
Q

thryoxine

A

hormone made by thyroid gland
- regulation of basal metabolic rate

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5
Q

iodine deficiency symptoms

A
  • enlarged thyroid (goiter)
  • sluggishness
  • weight gain
  • sever def during pregnancy can cause congenital hypothyroidism
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6
Q

goiter

A

enlarged thyroid to trap iodine

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7
Q

congential hypothyroidism

A

extreme irreversible mental and physical developmental delay

most preventable causes of intellectual delay

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8
Q

what foods cause iodine deficiency?

A

collards, kate and brussel sprouts
- contain goitrogens which inhibit iodine uptake by thyroid

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9
Q

iodine toxicity

A

enlarged thyroid glant

can be deadly in very large amounts

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10
Q

sources of iodine

A

seafood (from ocean)
iodized salt

amount varies with amount in soil in which plants are grown or on which animals graze

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11
Q

iodized salt

A

less than 1/2 tsp meets an entire days recommendation

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12
Q

sea salt and iodine

A

sea salt contains very little iodine
- dry all of it out and iodine is blown away

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13
Q

iron

A

essential nutrient and deficiency is problem for many

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14
Q

what contains most of the body’s iron?

A

hemoglobin and myoglobin

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15
Q

hemoglobin

A

oxygen-carrying protein of red blood cells

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16
Q

myoglobin

A

oxygen-holding protein of muscles

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17
Q

iron function

A

carried oxygen

helps many enzymes use oxygen

needed to make new cells, amino acids, hormones and , neurotransmitters

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18
Q

iron storage and excretion

A

liver puts iron into red blood cells sent from bone marrow

RBCs die after 3-4 months and the liver and spleen break them down and recycle their iron

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19
Q

how is iron balance maintained?

A

through absorption

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20
Q

iron loss

A

small amounts of iron is loss in nail clippings, hair cutting, shed skin cells

loss of iron from bleeding can be significant

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21
Q

obtaining iron

A

only approx. 10-15% of iron is absorbed

  1. absorption increases with diminished body supply and with need
  2. absorption decreases when iron is abundant
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22
Q

ferritin

A

an iron storage where protein stores iron int he mucosal cells of small intestine

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23
Q

what happens when iron is needed

A

iron is released to transferrin and travels through blood to body

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24
Q

what happens when iron is not needed?

A

iron is shed with the intestinal cells which are replaced every 3-5 days

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25
Q

free iron

A

powerful oxidant
- can start free-radical reactions that damages cells

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26
Q

iron deficiency

A

result of iron absorption not compensating for losses or low dietary intakes

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27
Q

decreased iron stores

A

stage I iron deficiency

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28
Q

depleted iron stores

A

stage II iron deficiency

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29
Q

iron deficiency anemia

A

depletion of iron stores resulting in low blood hemoglobin (stage 3 deficiency)

  • people can be iron deficient without being anemic
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30
Q

anemia results

A

cells contain too little hemoglobin and thus deliver too little oxygen which limits cells metabolism

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31
Q

symptoms of anemia

A

tiredness
apathy
a tendency to feel cold

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32
Q

what are symptoms of an iron deficiency often mistaken for

A

behavioural or emotional problems

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33
Q

pica

A

craving non-food substances
- occurs with iron deficiency sometimes
- inhibit iron absorption and displace food substances

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34
Q

causes of iron deficiency and anemia

A

malnutrition and inadequate iron intake

lack of food

high consumption of wrong foods

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35
Q

non-nutritional causes of anemia

A

losses or increased need
1. blood loss - 80% of iron is stored in blood
2. GI bleed
2. women in reproductive years

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36
Q

what populations need increased iron to support growth of new tissue

A

infants over 6 months
children and adolescents
pregnant women

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37
Q

what is the most common nutrient deficiency?

A

iron (1.2 billion)

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38
Q

iron toxicity

A

toxic in large amounts

difficult to excrete once absorbed

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39
Q

iron overload

A

hemochromatosis

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40
Q

how does the body defend against iron overload?

A

controlling its entry (hepcidin)

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41
Q

hepcidin

A

a hormone secreted by liver that limits iron absorption

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42
Q

controlling entry of iron

A
  1. SI traps some iron and holds it within boundaries (mucosal cells)
  2. when mucosal cells are shed, excess iron they collected is lost from the body
  3. when iron stores are filled, less iron is absorbed - protects from iron overload
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43
Q

hemochromatosis

A

an inherited disease in which the body absorbed too much iron

  • genetic component to iron overload
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44
Q

what population is hemochromatosis most common amongst?

A

caucasian men

45
Q

hemochromatosis process

A

intestine continues to absorb iron at high rate despite the excess iron building up in the body tissues

46
Q

early symptoms of hemochromatosis

A

fatigue
mental depression
abdominal pains

47
Q

later symptoms of hemochromatosis

A

tissue damage

liver failure

abnormal heart beats

diabetes type II

likely infections because bacteria thrive on iron-rich blood

48
Q

high-level iron fortification of foods

A

pose no risk for healthy people

many canadians take vitamin C supplements, which enhances iron absorption

49
Q

iron supplements

A
  1. can reverse iron-deficiency anemia from dietary causes

2/ leading cause of fatal accidental poisonings among Canadian children under 6 years old

50
Q

adult men and iron

A

rarely experience iron-deficiency anemia

51
Q

vegetarians and iron

A

advised to obtain 1.8 times RDA
- iron in plant foods not well-absorbed
- diets lack factors from meat that enhance iron absorption

52
Q

food vs supplement (iron)

A

food is best source = better absorption
pregnant women need an iron supplement

53
Q

2 forms of iron in foods

A

heme iron
non-heme iron

54
Q

heme iron

A

iron-containing part of hemoglobin and myoglobin found in meat, poultry and fish (bound to heme)

55
Q

non heme iron

A

found in foods from plants and meat, poultry and fish

56
Q

is heme iron of non-heme iron absorbed better?

A

heme iron

57
Q

MFP factor

A

found in meat, fish, poultry

promotes absorption of non-heme iron from other foods sources eaten at the same time

58
Q

vitamin C and iron

A

can help absorption of iron from foods eaten in the same meal

59
Q

impairment of iron absorption

A
  1. tannins

calcium and phosphorus (milk)

phylates

60
Q

tannins

A

found in tea and coffee
- black tea is exceptional in its efficiency in reducing iron absorption (advisable for iron over load)

61
Q

phylates

A

found in fibre of lightly processes legumes and whole grain cereals

62
Q

sources of iron

A

red meats, fish, poultry, shellfish, eggs

legumes, green leafy veggies, dried fruit

cooking in iron pan adds iron

63
Q

zinc

A

small quantity in human body

64
Q

zinc functions

A
  1. works with proteins in every body organ
  2. helps more than 300 enzymes
  3. assists in immune function
  4. regulation of gene expression in protein synthesis
  5. taste perception
  6. wound healing
  7. sperm production
  8. fetal development
  9. growth and development in children
    10.affects behaviour and learning
    produces active form of Vitamin A in visual pigments
    12.
65
Q

what functions does zinc help 300 enzymes do?

A

make parts of cell’s genetic material

make heme in hemoglobin

assist the pancreas with digestive functions

help metabolize carbs, proteins, fat

liberate vitamin A from storage in the liver

66
Q

zine deficiency symptoms

A

adverse growth

alters digestive functions and causes diarrhea (worsen malnutrition)

impairs immune response (more infections - worsen malnutrition)

poor wound healing

abnormal taste

abnormal vision in the dark

67
Q

what is zinc deficiency often misdiagnosed as?

A

general malnutrition and sickness because symptoms are so vast

68
Q

pancreatic juices and zinc

A

pancreatic juices are rich in zinc, so after a meal, the body gets zinc from the food and pancreatic enzymes

69
Q

where is zinc primarily lost?

A

in the feces

70
Q

zinc toxicity

A
  1. can cause serious illness or death (supplements only)
  2. may reduce blood conc of HDL
  3. can inhibit copper absorption and lower bodys copper content
  4. inhibit iron absorption
71
Q

zinc absorption

A

varies from 15-40%

absorption decreases with increased intake

absorption limited by phytates

72
Q

zinc food sources

A

meats
shellfish
poultry
milk and milk products

73
Q

plant sources of zinc

A

not absorbed as well as animal sources
1. some legumes
2. whole grains

74
Q

selenium functions

A

works as an antioxidant (prevents oxidative harm)

activates thyroid hormone

similar to sulfur and can occur in place of sulfur in amino acids

75
Q

what can selenium deficiency lead to?

A

cancer and heart disease

76
Q

cancer due to selenium deficiency

A

low blood selenium correlated with them development of some forms of cancer (prostate)

77
Q

heart disease due to selenium deficiency

A

associated with keshan disease

78
Q

keshan disease

A

heart enlargement and insufficiency

  • selenium deficiency may predispose people to the disease
  • adequate selenium seems to prevent keshan disease
79
Q

selenium toxicity

A

long term supplementation

80
Q

selenium toxicity symptoms

A

nausea
abnormal pain
hair loss
nerve abnormalities

81
Q

selenium sources

A

meats
shellfish
veggies and grains grown in selenium-rich soils

82
Q

selenium supplements

A

no benefits seen from selenium supplements unless selenium deficient

83
Q

fluoride

A

not essential to life but if beneficial

84
Q

fluoride functions

A

crystalline deposits in bone and teeth
- forms more decay-resistent fluorapatite in developing teeth

85
Q

sources of fluoride

A

primary = fluoride drinking water
tea and seafood

86
Q

fluoride deficiency

A

where fluoride is missing the incidence of dental decay is high

87
Q

fluridation

A

practical, safe and cost-effective way to help prevent dental caries in the young

88
Q

fluoride toxicity

A

fuorosis - discolouration and pitting of tooth enamel caused by excess fluoride during tooth development (irreversible)

89
Q

chromium function

A

works closely with insulin to regulate and release energy from glucose

90
Q

chromium deficiency

A

impaired insulin action
- results in diabetes-like conditions of high BP
- resolves chromium supplementation

91
Q

chromium supplements

A

cannot cure common forms of diabetes

92
Q

sources of chromium

A

unrefined foods and whole grains (lost during processing)

liver

whole grains

nuts and cheeses

93
Q

copper function

A
  1. formation of hemoglobin and collagen
  2. many enzymes depend on copper for its oxygen-handing ability
  3. role in handling of iron
  4. assists in reactions leading to release of energy
  5. copper-dependent enzyme (superoxide dismutase) helps contorl damage from free-radical activity in the tissues
94
Q

copper deficiency

A

rare
can be caused by excess zinc
menkes disease

95
Q

menkes disease

A

intestinal cells absorb copper but can’t release it into circulation causing deficiency

96
Q

symptoms of menkes disease

A
  1. can severely disturb growth and metabolism
  2. can impair immunity an blood flow through arteries
97
Q

copper toxicity

A

unlikely from foods

can be caused by supplementation

wilsons disease

98
Q

wilsons disease

A

copper accumulates in the liver and the brain

99
Q

coppor sources

A

organ meats

seafood

nuts and seeds

whole grains

water may supple copper (especially with copper plumbing pipes)
- in canada, copper intakes are adequate

100
Q

other trace minerals

A

molybdenum
manganese
boron
cobalt
nickel
silicon
arsenic

101
Q

molybdenum

A

functions as a part of several metal-containing enzyme

102
Q

maganese

A

works with enzymes

103
Q

boron

A

influences activity of many enzymes

104
Q

cobalt

A

mineral i vitamin b12

other name for bitamin b12 is cobalamin

105
Q

nickel

A

important for the health of many body tissues

106
Q

nicek deficiency

A

harm to the liver and otehr organs

107
Q

silicon

A

bone calcification in animals

108
Q

arsenic

A

1 a known poison and carcinogen
2. may turn out to be essential in small quantities

109
Q

trace minerals toxicity

A

all trace mienrals can be toxic in excess

overdoses are most likely to occur in those who take supplements