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Biodiversity Semester 2 > week 12 > Flashcards

week 12 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of symbiosis?

A

A situation in which dissimilar organisms are working together, whether mutualistic or parasitic

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2
Q

What is the definition of mutualism?

A

This is where both the host and the parasite benefit from their relationship

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3
Q

What is the definition of Commensalism?

A

This is where parasites benefit from the relationship but the host is not harmed.

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4
Q

What interaction type are mutualism and commensalism?

A

Facilitation

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5
Q

What is the definition of facilitation?

A

An interaction in which either one or both parties benefit with no harm to the others

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6
Q

What is the definition of parasitism?

A

Parasite harms its host, or lives at the expense of the host

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7
Q

What is the definition of a parasitoid?

A

A parasite that causes the death of its host

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8
Q

What is definition of a phoresis?

A

A parasite is transported by the host

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9
Q

Why do species have mutalism?

A

This is because they have gradually evolved to become reliant on each other
They do this for resources, habitats and pollination

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10
Q

What are 2 examples of mutualism for resources?

A

legumes and rhizobium
coral and zooxanthellae

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11
Q

What is an example of mutualism for habitat?

A

Acacia and ants
The ants protect the tree from herbivores and other competing plants
In return they provide enlarged thorns as a home and concentrated food sources

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12
Q

What are the benefits of commensalism?

A

Food (sea birds feeding off a bait ball)
Habitats (microorganisms on our faces)
Reproduction (seed dispersal)

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13
Q

Give an example of commensalism

A

Cattle egret and cattle
They feed on the insects which are disturbed by cattle grazing

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14
Q

What are the two types of competition?

A

Interspecific and intraspecific

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15
Q

What is the definition of intraspecific competition?

A

This is competition that takes place between individuals- This can be for food, water, nutrients or a suitable habitat.

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16
Q

What is the definition of scramble competition?

A

Where many individuals within a niche are competing for the same resource so all individuals get a small part

17
Q

What is the consequences of scramble competition?

A

All competitors will decline equally in fitness

18
Q

What is an example of scramble competition?

A

Plants in a pot
All are competing for the same amount of nutrients but only a set amount can be provided

19
Q

What is the definition of contest competition?

A

Where multiple individuals compete for the same resource with only one remaining victorious

20
Q

What are the consequences of contest competition?

A

Some individuals succeed, others do not

21
Q

What is an example of contest competitions?

A

Birds and their territory
Some succeed in securing a territory where others go without
this deprives them of food, mates and a habitat

22
Q

What is intraspecific competition?

A

Competition amongst individuals of different species

23
Q

What is intraspecific competition?

A

Competition among individuals of the same species

24
Q

What is Gause’s principle of competitive exclusion?

A

Two species with two identical niches cannot coexist indefinitely

25
Q

Give an example of interspecific competition

A

Grey vs Red squirrels
They had a direct competition (for resources) and an indirect competition (introduction of paramyxovirus)

26
Q

What is the definition of antagonistic coevolution?

A

Where two species in a predator prey relationship evolve together to try and work against each other

27
Q

What are the four types of defences prey employ?

A

Physical (spines on acacias)
Chemical (pheromones/toxins)
Morphological (mimicry)
Behavioural (hiding or warning others)

28
Q

What are three predatory hunting tactics?

A

Ambush
Stalking
Pursuit

29
Q

What are some defences that plants use to deter predators?

A

Physical barriers (thorns etc)
Chemical (nitrogen- based, terpenoids and phenolic)

30
Q

How would you describe a graph showing the relationship between predator and prey?

A

An out of phase cycle- the prey population always peaks slightly before the predator population peaks

31
Q

What is the definition of community?

A

When many different species live together within one habitat (the biotic component of an ecosystem)

32
Q

What is the definition of a guild?

A

A group of species that depend on the same resource

33
Q

Describe the calculations for food webs

A

L= number of links
S= number of species
L/S= Linkage density
L/S2= Direct connectedness (Max L, cannibalism incl)
L/[S(S-1)/2]= connectivity (no cannibalism and unidirectional)

Biodiversity Semester 2 (4 decks)

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