Week 12-13 Flashcards
Conventional gas
typically “free gas” trapped in porous zones in various naturally occurring rock formations such as carbonates, sandstones …
Associated gas
NG which is found in association with crude oil, either dissolved in the oil or as a cap of free gas above the oil
Fracking
a technique to stimulate production of oil and gas after a well has been drilled. It involves horizontal drilling and the injection of a mixture of water, sand and chemicals into the well under high pressure to create small cracks within the formation, which will release the gas/oil.
Shale gas
NG from shale formations. Production through hydraulic fracturing.
Stranded gas
gas that is not considered economically exploitable, hence it is gas that is essentially wasted or unused. It can be for example gas at a remote location, and because of high infrastructure costs it is not used.
LNG
NG (primarily methane) that has been liquefied by reducing its temperature to -260 F.
CNG
compressed natural gas: natural gas compressed to a pressure at or above 200-248 bar. It is used as a fuel for NG powered vehicles.
Coal-to-Gas Switching
Switching coal powered plants to NG enables instantaneous adjustments in the merit order due to the cheaper variable production costs of gas.
Rig count
Count of rigs utilized by petroleum service companies and regulators, which sheds light on the consumption of oil or gas
Rig productivity
Number of wells drilled per active rig.
Break-Even-Price
amount of money for which a product or a service must be sold to cover the underlying manufacturing/production costs
Urbanization
the phenomenon of more and more people moving from rural areas to urban areas
Rural electrification
providing electricity to people living in rural areas in developing countries.
Energy budget-share
Share of household budget used for energy consumption
Micro-Grid
small grid connecting few households or a village. This operates independently from the grid, often in combination with renewable energy sources.
Diesel Genset:
Diesel generators mainly used in rural areas to provide electricity
Leapfrogging
Leaving out stages of economic development. Later stage economic development may require less energy and lower capital requirements of industrialization.
Climate Change
change in statistical distribution of weather patterns when that change lasts for an extended period of time
Fugitive Emissions
emissions of gases from pressurized equipment due to leaks and other unintended releases, mostly from industrial activity.
Cap and Trade
a market based approach to control pollution by providing economic incentives for achieving reductions in the of emissions of pollutants Cap and trade is a policy approach for controlling large amounts of emissions from a group of sources. The approach first sets an overall cap, or maximum amount of emissions per compliance period, for all sources under the program. Allowance trading enables sources to design their own compliance strategy based on their individual circumstances while still achieving the overall emissions reductions required by the cap
Kyoto Protocol
includes last binding targets within the UNFCC framework. Allocation based on historic emissions, excluded US ad developing countries
Bio-Char
name of charcoal when used as soil amendment.
It uses a variety of organic feedstocks to get energy, sequestered carbon, and fertilizer value streams. Improves soil functions and reduces emissions from biomass that would otherwise naturally degrade to GHGs.
Energy intensity
a measure of energy efficiency of a nation’s economy. E/GDP
Stove efficiency
measure of efficiency for cook stoves in developing countries.
Climate Development Mechanism (CDM)
The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), defined in Article 12 of the Protocol, allows a country with an emission-reduction or emission-limitation commitment under the Kyoto Protocol (Annex B Party) to implement an emission-reduction project in developing countries. Such projects can earn saleable certified emission reduction (CER) credits, each equivalent to one tonne of CO2, which can be counted towards meeting Kyoto targets.
Social cost of carbon
negative externalities from carbon emissions, like cost of climate change.
Abatement Cost
additional cost (or net benefit) of replacing a technology in the Bau scenario by a low carbon alternative, measured in EUR/tCO2 abated emissions
Abatement Curve
Visual compilation of abatement potentials an costs sorted by increasing abatement costs
Parasitic Energy Requirements
requirements for power consumed even when the devices are shut off -> standby power.
