Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PATH2420 > Week 11 - Terms; Gastrointestinal Health > Flashcards

Week 11 - Terms; Gastrointestinal Health Flashcards

1
Q

List the components of the large bowel

A

a. Cecum (+ appendix)
b. Ascending colon
c. Transverse colon
d. Descending colon
e. Sigmoid colon
f. Rectum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

List the components of the stomach

A

a. Cardia, Antrum, Fundus, Pylorus
b. Pyloric valve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

List the components of the small bowel

A

a. Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum
b. Ileocecal valve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe the general structure of the GI tract

A
  • Lumen: hollow space in the GI tract
  • Mucosa: inner lining
    o Varies by site depending on function
  • Muscularis: muscle layer
    o Contents move through GI tract through coordinated wave-like contractions (peristalsis)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe the peritoneal cavity

A

-Continuous membrane that forms the lining of the abdominal cavity
-Diseases of the GI tract can involve the peritoneal cavity
-Can fill with fluid (ascites), or become inflamed (peritonitis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the functions of the GI tract?

A
  1. Digestion
    2.Absorption – taking up nutrients and/or water for use
    a. Nutrient absorption occurs in small bowel
    b. Water and electrolyte absorption occur in large bowel
  2. excretion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Define hematemesis

A

vomiting of blood; “Coffee grounds emesis” – dark and granular vomitus due to effects of stomach acid on hemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Define hematochezia

A

Indicates “fresh” bleed, commonly from lower GI tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Hematochezia is a common finding in what?

A

ulcerative colitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Define melena

A

Dark, black, tarry stool; Stool colour due to digestion of blood, most commonly from upper GI tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Define occult bleeding

A

Blood that is not visible in stool; May be picked up on screening stool tests (fecal blood tests/FIT tests)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

FIT test is a common screening tool for what?

A

colorectal cancer; to detect occult blood. Positive results - patients may have iron deficient anemia (blood work) and/or be sent for colonoscopy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Infections of the GI tract can be caused by what and can occur where?

A
  • Can be caused by viruses, bacteria and/or parasites, and can occur in any segment of the GI tract
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Define appendicitis

A

Inflammation of the appendix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the pathogenesis of appendicitis?

A

Often associated with fecalith obstruction (obstruction of blood flow (ischemia)
leading to ulceration and secondary infection)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the risk factors for appendicitis?

A

o Extremes of age
o Family history
o Male sex (M>F)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of appendicitis?

A

o Abdominal pain (RLQ/McBurney’s point)
 Rebound tenderness
o Nausea/vomiting
o Fever

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the complications of appendicitis?

A

o Can lead to appendiceal rupture (perforation) leading to peri-appendiceal abscess or inflammation of the peritoneal cavity (peritonitis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the treatment for appendicitis?

A

surgery is most common in acute cases - appendectomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Describe H. pylori (helicobacter pylori)

A
  • Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a Gram-negative bacterium, mostly commonly colonizes stomach
  • Estimated prevalence 50% worldwide, higher in developing countries
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of H. pylori?

A

o Often asymptomatic
o Common symptoms: abdominal pain (mid-upper), nausea, bloating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the complications of H. pylori infection?

A

o Peptic/duodenal ulcers in 10-15% of cases (disintegration of the epithelial lining) which can lead to bleeding and perforation
o Chronic inflammation leading to increased risk of lymphoma and cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How do you diagnose H. pylori infection?

A
  • Diagnosis of H. pylori infection/peptic ulcer disease via endoscopy + biopsies, bloodwork, and/or urea breath test
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the treatment for H. pylori infection?

A

Triple-therapy (antibiotics and protein-pump inhibitors)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the typical age for onset of inflammatory bowel disease?

A

15-35

26
Q

What are the two types of IBD

A

crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis

27
Q

What are the common symptoms of IBD

A

o Diarrhea (+/- blood - only in UC) and urgency
o Abdominal pain
o Fever
o Weight loss/fatigue
o +/- extraintestinal problems (liver, joints, skin, eyes)

28
Q

What are the sites of involvement in Crohn’s disease?

A
    • Ileum and colon
    • Can involve any part of GI tract
    • Patchy involvement
29
Q

What are the sites of involvement in ulcerative colitis?

A
    • Starts at rectum and moves proximally
    • Limited to colorectum
    • Continuous involvement
30
Q

Hematochezia is common in which IBD?

A

ulcerative colitis; uncommon in crohn’s disease

31
Q

What is the degree of inflammation for Crohn’s disease?

A

Transmural - involving the entire bowel wall

32
Q

What is the degree of inflammation for ulcerative colitis?

A

superficial

33
Q

Which IBD leads to a greater risk of colorectal cancer

A

ulcerative colitis

34
Q

How are IBDs treated and surveilled?

A
  • Medications to reduce inflammation (anti-inflammatories, immune system modulators, biologics)
  • Symptom relief for stools, nutritional support
  • Surveillance endoscopy
  • Surgery
    o Crohn’s disease: removal of damaged sections, management of abscesses/fistulas
    o Ulcerative colitis: removal of colon/rectum
35
Q

Define diverticulum

A

outpouching of bowel wall

36
Q

Define diverticular disease

A

presence of diverticula in the bowel

37
Q

What is thought to be the cause of diverticula

A

increased luminal pressure (low fiber, high fat diets) and weak points in gut wall

38
Q

Define diverticulitis

A

inflammation of diverticula

39
Q

What are the symptoms of diverticulitis?

A

fever, worsening abdominal pain (LLQ)

40
Q

What are the complications of diverticulitis

A

abscess formation, perforation, strictures, fistulas

41
Q

What is the treatment for diverticulitis

A

antibiotics, surgery (depending on severity)

42
Q

What are the four common causes of bowel obstruction

A
  1. Herniation: Pouch-like protrusion of peritoneum
  2. Adhesions: Fibrosis/scar tissue forming between loops of bowel
  3. Volvulus: Twisting of bowel on itself and mesentery
  4. Intussusception: Telescoping of bowel into adjacent segment
43
Q

In children, where does bowel obstruction most commonly occur?

A

ileocecal valve

44
Q

What are the common signs and symptoms of bowel obstruction?

A

o Abdominal distention
o Vomiting
o Constipation

45
Q

Describe bowel obstruction

A
  • Blockage that prevents the passage of food/liquids
  • Can occur across all age groups, with a variety of causes
46
Q

What is the third most commonly diagnosed cancer in Canada?

A

colorectal cancer

47
Q

What is the most common type of colorectal cancer?

A

adenocarcinoma

48
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer

A

Mutations in the bowel mucosa may result in pre-cancerous (pre-malignant) legions called polyps
- Additional mutations may accumulate that result in local invasion or metastasis (cancer)
- Not all polyps result in cancer transformation

49
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of colorectal cancer?

A

o Rectal/stool bleed
o Change in bowel habits
o Abdominal discomfort
o Weakness, fatigue, weight loss (unintentional)

50
Q

What are the risk factors for colorectal cancer?

A

o Family history/known familial syndromes
o Age
o Inflammatory bowel disease
o Diet, obesity, smoking, (lack of) exercise

51
Q

What are the risk factors for esophageal cancer?

A
  • GERD
  • Tobacco use
  • Obesity
  • Radiation
52
Q

What is the most common type of esophageal cancer in Canada?

A

adenocarcinoma; worldwide it is squamous cell carcinoma

53
Q

Where does esophageal cancer most commonly occur?

A

In the distal portion of the esophagus

54
Q

Which GI cancer is more common (colorectal or esophageal)?

A

Colorectal cancer

55
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of esophageal cancer?

A

(often at late stage)
- Pain or difficulty swallowing (dysphagia)
- Weight loss
- Chest pain
- Vomiting

56
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of esophageal cancer

A
  • Often arises in a background of chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)  acid reflux from stomach
  • In approx. 10% of symptomatic GERD, the esophageal mucosa undergoes intestinal metaplasia (Barrett’s esophagus)
  • Greater risk of developing dysplasia and malignancy
  • Patients with Barrett’s esophagus may get PPIs and surveillance endoscopies
57
Q

Someone presents with abdominal discomfort, fatigue, weight loss, and bloody stool, what is the likely diagnosis?

A

colorectal cancer; send for more testing though

58
Q

What is the difference between diverticular disease and diverticulitis?

A

In diverticular disease, small bulges or pockets (diverticula) develop in the lining of the intestine. Diverticulitis is when these pockets become inflamed or infected.

59
Q

Define dsyphagia

A

dysphagia - difficulty swallowing.

60
Q

Define fistula

A

an abnormal duct or passage connecting an abscess, cavity or hollow organ to the body surface or to another hollow organ.

PATH2420 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions