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HAHP2000 > Week 11-Physical and cognitive development in middle to late adulthood > Flashcards

Week 11-Physical and cognitive development in middle to late adulthood Flashcards

1
Q

What is Sarcopenia?

A

the age related loss of muscle mass and strength, beginning at the age of 45

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2
Q

What are the risks associated with sarcopenia?

A

Loss of muscles in back and legs

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3
Q

Who is at a high risk of suffering from sarcopenia?

A

Individuals who are obese

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4
Q

What are prevention strategies for those at high risk of sarcopenia?

A

spending time being active and using your muscles

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5
Q

What is osteoarthritis?

A

The most common form of arthritis; break down of cartilage in joints. Found commonly in hands and shoulders

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6
Q

What are the risks of osteoarthritis?

A

Difficulty moving, i.e. standing up or gardening

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7
Q

Who is at high risk of getting osteoarthritis?

A

After 30 y/o, we become more susceptible as we age . Individuals who are obese. Those who have overused their bodies. ex. working in a plant

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8
Q

What are prevention strategies for those at risk of osteoarthritis?

A

Moving regularly to keep joints awake, but not intensely.

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9
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

When an individual has low bone mass and/or deterioration of bone tissues.

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10
Q

What are the risks of osteoporosis?

A

If you have a fall as an older adult, and break a bone (much more likely if you have osteoporosis), it is unlikely you will make a full recovery because breaks often lead to infection

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11
Q

What are risk factors for osteoporosis?

A

Deficiencies in calcium, vitamin D and estrogen. Lack of exercise. Aboriginal status. Low household income. Alcohol consumption. Poor nutrition. Low BMI. Higher risk in women

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12
Q

What are prevention strategies for those at risk of osteoporosis?

A

Maintaining a diet with adequate calcium. Doing weight bearing exercise

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13
Q

What is LDL cholesterol

A

Low-Density Lipoprotein cholestrol

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14
Q

What is HDL cholesterol?

A

High-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol

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15
Q

What is the effect of cholesterol on the cardiovascular system?

A

When HDL is high and LDL stays low, the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is lower.

High cholesterol and blood pressure increase the risk of heart disease and stroke.

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16
Q

what changes occur in the cardiovascular system with age?

A

Blood flow is reduced to organs bc of fatty deposits and scar tissue in blood vessels

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17
Q

How does lung capacity change with age?

A

Lung capacity remains the same until 55 when proteins found in lung tissue is less elastic and lung capacity declines. This is worsened by the chest wall stiffening which decreases the lungs ability to transport oxygen

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18
Q

What are characteristics of a metabolic syndrome?

A

A cluster of hypertension, obesity, and insulin resistance

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19
Q

What are the risk factors of metabolic syndrome for premature mortality?

A

When individuals have a combination of high blood pressure and glucose as well as low high-density lipoproteins or high triglycerides

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20
Q

How does sleep change with age?

A

As you age sleep is generally going to worsen because it is more difficult to fall into rest and it is more likely you will be woken during sleep.

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21
Q

What are risk factors of poor sleep?

A

Falls, obesity and early death, as lack of sleep is linked to lower level of cognitive functioning.

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22
Q

What is Sleep Apnea?

A

Occurs when our airway becomes blocked and prevents breathing causing us to wake. This could occur many times throughout the night preventing the individual from falling into a deep sleep.

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23
Q

What chronic diseases is sleep apnea associated with?

A

Sleep apnea is associated with hypertension, CVD, obesity, depression and cancer

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24
Q

How does stress and disease affect the immune system?

A

White blood cells are compromised when stress becomes involved. White blood cells are responsible for killing foreign objects such as bacterias, viruses and tumours. Therefore we are more prone to these things when we are stressed

25
Q

How does stress and disease affect the cardiovascular system?

A

High blood pressure can be the result of chronic emotional stress and results in heart disease and early death.

emotional stress can also cause adrenaline rushes which lead to forming of blood clots, which are major factors in heart attacks.

26
Q

What impacts how people age?

A

Genes, family history, health, education, personality, lifestyle. ABILITY TO COPE W/ STRESS

27
Q

What are keys to living to a healthy old age?

A

Exercise, moderate alcohol, good nutrition, low stress

28
Q

What are the biological theories of aging?

A

Cellular Clock Theory
Telomeres and Aging
Free-Radical Theory
Mitochondrial Theory
Hormonal Stress Theory

29
Q

What is the basis of the Hormonal Stress Theory?

A

As hormones in the body age, our ability to cope with stress lowers, therefore our likelihood of contracting disease increases.

30
Q

What information supports the Hormonal Stress Theory?

A

As we get. older, stress hormones flowing through the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system stay heightened for longer. When stress /stress-related hormones remain elevated for long periods of time they put the individual at risk for a cluster of diseases (CVD, cancer, diabetes, and hypertension).

Decline in immune functioning with age increases risk of infectious diseases.

31
Q

What is the preventative measure to aging quickly according to Hormonal Stress Theory?

A

Exercise- improves immune system functioning

32
Q

What is the basis of the Mitochondrial Theory

A

Aging occurs when the mitochondria of a cell begins to breakdown

33
Q

What information supports the Mitochondrial Theory?

A

Mitochondria becomes inefficient because they cannot generate enough energy to meet cellular needs and therefore the entire body. Leads to disease such as CVD, dementia and decline in liver functioning.

34
Q

What is the preventative measure to aging quickly according to the Mitochondrial Theory?

A

Exercise

35
Q

What is the basis of the Free-Radical Theory?

A

Aging occurs because inside cells, normal metabolism produces unstable oxygen molecules. These molecules are called free radicals.

36
Q

What information supports the Free-Radical Theory?

A

Free-Radicals bounce around cells and cause damage to DNA and other cell structures. Leading to disorders such as cancer and arthritis

37
Q

What is a preventative measure to aging quickly according to the Free-Radical Theory?

A

Eating foods without antioxidants and not smoking

38
Q

What is the basis of the Telomeres and Aging Theory?

A

Telomeres are DNA sequences that cap chromosomes, they are though to be responsible for the age limit

39
Q

What information supports the Telomeres and Aging Theory?

A

Cells max out after dividing 70-80 times bc telomeres become so short. However injecting enzyme telomerase into human cells grown in a lab can extend the lifetime. However, telomerase is present in cancer cells

40
Q

What is a preventative measure to aging quickly according to the Telomeres and Aging theory?

A

none

41
Q

What is the basis of the Cellular Clock Theory?

A

As we age our cells become less capable of dividing. Hayflick believed cells could divide a maximum of 75-80 times. On the basis of this he believed humans cannot live more than 120 years

42
Q

How is the brain affected as we age?

A

Brain loses weight and volume with age. The prefrontal cortex gets significantly smaller, which is thought to be linked with our decreasing working memory as we age.

43
Q

How is our entire CNS affected by the aging brain?

A

Difficult to retrieve key info from memory. Reflexes that were the result of years of muscle memory disappear

44
Q

How is the reduction of acetylcholine neurotransmitters related to Alzheimer’s?

A

The reduction of acetylcholine neurotransmitters is thought to be responsible for declines in memory, therefore relating to alzheimer’s disease.

45
Q

How is dopamine related to Parkinson’s?

A

With less dopamine being made in older years it affects our bodies motor function, resulting in parkinson’s disease.

46
Q

How is GABA related to information transmission?

A

As amounts of GABA decrease there become issues signaling information from one neuron to another

47
Q

How long does it take for alzheimer’s to fully progress?

A

8-10 years

48
Q

Where does alzheimer’s begin?

A

Hippocampus- destroys working memory

49
Q

What is the progression that alzheimer’s takes in the brain?

A

Begins in the hippocampus, taking away new memories, then takes over broca’s area, where speech and language are processed- patients will have a hard time making sentences. Then it will move to our emotion centre and patients will lose control of their emotions and feelings. After this the parietal lobe is the next area lost, patients will become confused about their surroundings because they cannot understand their senses. Alzheimers will then work to the back of the brain and take away all the oldest memories of a person. Finally alzheimer’s will take the individuals balance and coordination before they eventually die because the body can no longer regulate the heart and breathing on its own.

50
Q

What is the acronym for the progression of alzheimer’s?

A

HBF E PBBR

Hippocampus
Brocas area
Frontal lobe
Emotional regulation
Parietal lobe
back of brain
balance and coordination
regulation of heart beat and breathing

51
Q

What are the possible causes of Alzheimer’s?

A

Historically thought that beta-amyloid caused tangles in the brain and alzheimer’s started from there

Newer research shows if the brain is unable to use insulin plaque build ups will occur.

Less supported theories are mitochondria, brain infections and abnormal handling of metals in the brain

52
Q

How does exercise influence our likelihood of getting alzheimer’s

A

Decreases the likelihood

53
Q

Why does exercise decrease the likelihood of getting alzheime’s?

A

Exercise prevents plaque buildup by producing chemicals and creating more blood vessels for plaque to escape to the liver and be destroyed.

54
Q

How can insulin be used to treat dementia?

A

Insulin can be used by breathing it in through the nose, this prevents memory loss

55
Q

What does EDIA stand for?

A

Equity, diversity, Inclusion, accessibility

56
Q

What is the goal of EDIA?

A

to create diverse programs that are what communities need (equitable) and include opportunity for all (inclusion and accessibility)regardless of age, gender, race etc.

57
Q

What are the five principles of high five?

A

A caring adult
The opportunity to make friends
The opportunity to play
The opportunity to master skills
the opportunity to participate

58
Q

What is High five’s design guidelines for programs?

A

Welcoming of diversity
Safe
Developmentally appropriate

HAHP2000 (1 decks)

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