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Cog neuro (y2s2) > Week 11 Lecture 11 - the remembering brain 1 > Flashcards

Week 11 Lecture 11 - the remembering brain 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a function - structure relationship of memory?

A

each function of memory corresponds to a different part of the brain

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2
Q

What are some issues with a function-structure relationship of memory?

A
  • function and structure do not match
    exactly
  • A structure can participate in multiple
    functions
  • A function may rely on multiple structures
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3
Q

How can definitions of episodic memory vary depending on the criteria emphasised?

A
  • Mental time travel: Tulving’s definition
    emphasised the first-person ”mental time
    travel” – emphasis on re-experience
  • Links: Ability to create links between
    unrelated bits of information, making a
    coherent episode – emphasis on relational
    memory
  • Time and Place: placing a past experience within a particular time and place- emphasis on context
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4
Q

What is episodic memory the result of?

A

associative learning

  • The what, where, when and who of an episode (its context) are associated and bound together
  • They can then be retrieved (and
    reexperienced) as a single episode
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5
Q

What is autobiographical memory?

A
  • Personal memory
  • Evens from personal past (like EM)
  • Semantic personal past (facts about oneself e.g., address
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6
Q

What does the hippocampus include?

A
  • Dentate gyrus
  • Cornu Ammonis (CA) subfields
    (CA1, CA2, CA3, CA4)
  • Subiculum
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7
Q

How is the medial temporal lobe (MTL) organised?

A
  • hierarchical organisation
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8
Q

How does information flow within the MTL?

A
  • information is initially collected through the perirhinal and parahippocampal cortices
  • Then passes to the entorhinal cortex, and ultimately reaches the hippocampus
  • The cortical regions, however, do not merely funnel information to the hippocampus
  • A large network of connections both within and among the subregions of the MTL cortical regions perform extensive information processing
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9
Q

What is anterograde amnesia?

A

difficulties in acquiring new memories after onset of amnesia

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10
Q

What is retrograde amnesia?

A

difficulties in remembering events from just before the brain injury

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11
Q

What is the history of patient HM?

A
  • Suffered from severe, intractable epilepsy
  • Foci in both medial temporal lobes
  • Treated with bilateral medial temporal
    lobectomy
  • Included removal of the hippocampus and amygdala
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12
Q

After HM’s surgery, what good and bad things occurred?

A

o The Good:
* Reduced convulsions (severity and frequency)
* Improved IQ (from 104 to 118)

o The Bad:
* Minor retrograde amnesia (for events within the 2 years preceding the surgery)

o And the Ugly:
* Profound anterograde amnesia: could not form long-term memories for events after surgery

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13
Q

What was HM’s anterograde amnesia like?

A

*Preserved memory of the past, and had
good short-term/working memory
* Could not form new long-term memories
* Global amnesia: affecting all sensory
modalities
* Problems were limited to declarative/ explicit memory

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14
Q

On a digit span test, what is a normal ppts results? What was HM’s results?

A
  • Normal subjects __> up to 18 digits
  • After 25 trials of this task, H.M. still could not successfully repeat more than 7 digits –> could not turn STM to LTM
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15
Q

given an example of a task on which HM improved

A
  • mirror drawing task
  • Explicit (declarative) vs Implicit
    (non-declarative) memory
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16
Q

What is the subsequent memory paradigm?

A

Aims to evaluate encoding-phase activity leading to successful (versus unsuccessful memory)

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17
Q

Wagner et al. 1998 studied Remembered vs Forgotten stimuli

What was the RQ?

A

Does the brain activity at encoding predict which items are later going to be
recognized and which will be forgotten?

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18
Q

Wagner et al. 1998 studied Remembered vs Forgotten stimuli

What was found?

A

Activity in the left ventrolateral
PFC (a) and the left MTL (b) was
predictive of later remembered
versus forgotten stimuli

19
Q

What is familiarity?

A

sense of memory that a stimulus has been
encountered before

20
Q

What is recollection?

A

memory for the context or other associative information about a previous encounter with a stimulus

21
Q

What did a model by Eichenbaum et al. (2007) propose (memory)?

A
  • The perirhinal cortex processes
    item representations (important for
    familiarity)
  • the parahippocampal cortex is
    assumed to process “context”
    (including scene perception)
  • The hippocampus binds items in
    context (important for recollection).
22
Q

Ranganath et al. (2004) studied Subsequent memory effects for
Familiarity and Recollection

What was found?

A

Familiarity-based recognition was
predicted by activation in the perirhinal cortex

Recollection-based recognition was predicted by activation in the hippocampus

23
Q

What is the hippocampus responsible for?

A

The hippocampus is responsible for
encoding and retrieving the constituent
elements of an experience
For example:
* Names with faces
* Location of objects/people within a scene

24
Q

What is familiarity memory supported by?

A

the MTL (not including hippocampus)

25
Q

What is consolidation?

A

process that stabilises a memory over time after it is first acquired

26
Q

What are the 2 types of consolidation?

A
  • synaptic
  • system
27
Q

What is synaptic consolidation?

A

Structural changes in the synaptic
connections between neurons

May take hours – days to complete

28
Q

What is system consolidation?

A

Gradual shift of memory from
hippocampus to the cortex

29
Q

What are 2 theories of system consolidation (related to hippocampal function)?

A
  • a) Standard consolidation theory –> Temporary role of hippocampus
  • b) Multiple trace theory –> Permanent role of the hippocampus
30
Q

What is Ribot’s law?

A
  • Memory loss following brain damage has a temporal gradient
  • More recent memories are more likely to be lost than remote memories
  • Explanation is that remote memories have undergone systems consolidation
    – they do not rely upon the MTL anymore, but are cortex-dependent
31
Q

What was anterograde and retrograde amnesia like in HM?

A

see summary sheet

32
Q

What was patient PZ?

A
  • A university professor who had Korsakoff’s syndrome at the age of 65.
  • Has written hundreds of research papers, book chapters etc.
  • Has completed an autobiography 2 years prior to the onset of his amnesia (in 1981).
  • Unable to learn new paired associates.
  • Remembered some famous people from the 1930-1940 but not later.
33
Q

What is the standard consolidation model?

A
  • The hippocampus links together different kinds of information in many regions of brain (perceptual, affective, conceptual etc.)
  • Hypothesis: Initially, hippocampus plays an active role in ‘binding’ the activity of
    disparate cortical ‘modules’
  • Over time, the hippocampus plays less of a role
34
Q

How is memory reactivation involved in system consolidation?

A
  • Memory reactivation is the core
    mechanism.
  • Reactivation leads to the reinstatement of patterns of neural activity in the cortex.
  • Such reactivation subsequently results in
    stabilisation and refinement of cortical
    traces.
  • This iterative process leads to storage
    and recall becoming completely
    dependent on the cortex, and
    independent of the hippocampus.
35
Q

Explain retrieval of nonconsolidated and consolidated memory

A
  • An event with audio (A), spatial (S), and visual (V) information is encoded
  • The hippocampus contains a unified representation of the event
  • When a retrieval cue containing only spatial and visual information of the event is encountered before consolidation the
    hippocampus plays a critical role
  • After the memory is fully consolidated, the connections with the hippocampus become unnecessary
  • The retrieval cue accesses the memory directly from the cortical network of connections that form the unified
    representation of the memory
36
Q

Where is the damage in semantic dementia?

A

anterior temporal lobes

37
Q

Where is the damage in Alzheimer’s disease?

A

hippocampus and related structures

38
Q

What can semantic dementia patients remember? WHY?

A

SD patients can remember recent but not
old events because memories not yet
completely dependent on cortex – yet to be transferred out of hippocampus

39
Q

to explain retrograde memory loss, what do we assume?

A

we assume that old memories are not
fully consolidated at the time of injury.

40
Q

Proposed by Nadel and Moscovitch (1997,1998), what is multiple trace theory?

A
  • The hippocampus never ceases to have important role in episodic memory recall
  • Older memories have been reactivated many times over the years
  • Each reactivation creates new traces in the MTL and in other neocortical structures
  • To the extent that damage is not global, older memories are more likely to be remembered as they have multiple traces
41
Q

Gilboa et al. (2004) investigated fMRI of remote personal memories

What was the method?

A
  • Family members of participants
    provided pictures of autobiographical
    events
  • From remote past to more recent times
    (5 photographs for 5 periods)
  • Participants scanned while thinking
    about the event depicted and rating
    vividness
42
Q

Gilboa et al. (2004) investigated fMRI of remote personal memories

What was found?

A
  • Hippocampus activated for both recent and remote memories
  • Hippocampal activation was related to the richness of re-experiencing (vividness) rather than the age of the memory per se
43
Q

Summarise standard theory and multiple trace theory

A

see summary sheet

Cog neuro (y2s2) (11 decks)

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