Week 11: Eating disorders and substance-related disorders

Question 1

According to the DSM-5 (APA, 2013), eating disorders are characterized by

Answer 1

a persistent disturbance in eating behavior

Question 2

DSM-5 Criteria for. . . Anorexia Nervosa

Answer 2

A. Restriction of energy intake relative to requirements, leading to a significantly low body weight in the context of age, sex, developmental trajectory, and physical health. Significantly low weight is defined as a weight that is less than minimally normal or, for children and adolescents, less than that min-imally expected.

B. Intense fear of gaining weight or of becoming fat, or persis-tent behavior that interferes with weight gain, even though at a significantly low weight.

C. Disturbance in the way in which one’s body weight or shape is experienced, undue influence of body weight or shape on self-evaluation, or persistent lack of recognition of the seri-ousness of the current low body weight.

Question 3

An important change from DSM-IV to DSM-5 is that in DSM-5 ______ is no longer required for a person to be given the diagnosis

Answer 3

amenorrhea (cessation of menstruation)

Question 4

There are two types of anorexia nervosa:

Answer 4

the restricting type and
the binge-eating/purging type

Question 5

Binge eating:

Answer 5

out-of-control consumption of an amount of food that is far greater than what most people would eat in the same amount of time and under the same circumstances

Question 6

purge

Answer 6

Remove the food they have eaten from their bodies (self-induced vomiting or misuse of laxatives, diuretics, and enemas)

Question 7

___ percent of ballet students suffer from an eating disorder

Answer 7

20

Question 8

Bulimia nervosa is characterized by…

Answer 8

uncontrollable binge eating and efforts to prevent resulting weight gain by using inappropriate behaviors such as self-induced vomiting and excessive exercise

Question 9

DSM-5 Criteria for. . . Bulimia Nervosa

Answer 9

A. Recurrent episodes of binge eating. An episode of binge eat-ing is characterized by both of the following:

1. Eating, in a discrete period of time (e.g., within any 2-hour period), an amount of food that is definitely larger than what most individuals would eat in a similar period of time under similar circumstances.
2. A sense of lack of control over eating during the episode (e.g., a feeling that one cannot stop eating or control what or how much one is eating).

B. Recurrent inappropriate compensatory behaviors in order to prevent weight gain, such as self-induced vomiting; misuse of
laxatives, diuretics, or other medications; fasting; or excessive exercise.

C. The binge eating and inappropriate compensatory behaviors both occur, on average, at least once a week for 3 months.

D. Self-evaluation is unduly influenced by body shape and weight.

E. The disturbance does not occur exclusively during episodes of anorexia nervosa.

Question 10

The difference between a person with bulimia nervosa and a person with the binge-eating/purging type of anorexia nervosa is ____.

Answer 10

weight.

Question 11

Binge-eating disorder (BED). BED has some clinical features in common with bulimia nervosa, except that

Answer 11

No compensatory behaviour follows the binge, and much less dietary restraint in BED.

Question 12

DSM-5 Criteria for. . . Binge-Eating Disorder

Answer 12

A. Recurrent episodes of binge eating. An episode of binge eating is characterized by both of the following:

1. Eating, in a discrete period of time (e.g., within any 2-hour period), an amount of food that is definitely larger than what most people would eat in a similar period of time under similar circumstances.
2. A sense of lack of control over eating during the episode (e.g., a feeling that one cannot stop eating or control what or how much one is eating).

B. The binge-eating episodes are associated with three (or more) of the following:

1. Eating much more rapidly than normal.
2. Eating until feeling uncomfortably full.
3. Eating large amounts of food when not feeling physically hungry.
4. Eating alone because of feeling embarrassed by how much one is eating.
5. Feeling disgusted with oneself, depressed, or very guilty afterward.

C. Marked distress regarding binge eating is present.

D. The binge eating occurs, on average, at least once a week for 3 months.

E. The binge eating is not associated with the recurrent use of inappropriate compensatory behavior as in bulimia nervosa and does not occur exclusively during the course of bulimia nervosa or anorexia nervosa.

Question 13

Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa do not occur in
appreciable numbers before adolescence (T/F)

Answer 13

T

Question 14

bulimia nervosa is most likely to develop in bAnorexia nervosa is most likely to develop in between the ages ofetween the ages of

Answer 14

21 - 24

Question 15

People with binge eating disorder are generally between

Answer 15

30 - 50

Question 16

more recent estimates suggest that there are ____females for every male with an eating disorder

Answer 16

three

Question 17

more recent estimates suggest that there are ____females for every male with an eating disorder

Answer 17

three

Question 18

One established risk factor for eating disorders in men is ______

Answer 18

homosexuality

Question 19

The most common form of eating disorder is ______ and based on the most recent data, the lifetime prevalence of binge-eating disorder is around __ percent

Answer 19

binge eating disorder
2 (3.5% women in the US and 2% men)
higher in obese people (6.5 to 8%)

Question 20

Worldwide, the prevalence of bulimia nervosa is estimated at ___ percent

Answer 20

1

Question 21

The lifetime prevalence for _____ has gone down, while for ____ its gone up

Answer 21

bulimia nervosa
anorexia nervosa

Question 22

The mortality rate for people with anorexia nervosa (most of whom are females) is more than ____ times higher than the mortality rate for young females ages 15 to 34 in the gen-eral U.S. population

Answer 22

five

Question 23

Bulemia nervosa mortality rate is approximately _____ that found in people of comparable age in the general population

Answer 23

twice

Question 24

. The most recent estimate from a meta-analysis suggests that individuals with anorexia nervosa are ____ times more likely to die by suicide than comparably aged women in the general population

Answer 24

18

Question 25

Bulimia nervosa is not associated with increased risk of completed suicide, but suicide attempts are made in ___ to ____ percent of cases

Answer 25

25 to 30

Question 26

____ percent of those with bulemia nervosa attain remission in the long-term

Answer 26

70

Question 27

_____ percent of those with binge eating disorder attain remission after intensive treatment

Answer 27

60

Question 28

transition to bulimia nervosa seems to occur for about __% after an earlier transition to the binge-eating/ purging subtype of anorexia nervosa

Answer 28

30

Question 29

approximately 68 percent of patients with anorexia nervosa, 63 percent of patients with bulimia nervosa, and almost 50 percent of people with binge-eating diorder are also diagnosed with ______

Answer 29

depression

Question 30

There is frequent co-occurrence of substance abuse disorders in the ______ subtype of anorexia nervosa as well as in ______ ______

Answer 30

binge-eating/purging
bulimia nervosa

Question 31

Indeed, about ___ percent of women with eating disorders may have a personality dis-order

Answer 31

58

Question 32

Personality disorders in the anxious-avoidant cluster (Cluster ___) are found in those with anorexia nervosa as well as those with bulimia nervosa, however, dramatic, emotional, or erratic (Cluster __) problems, including borderline personality disorder, are more typically associated with bulimia nervosa

Answer 32

C
B

Question 33

Personality disorders are reported in around __percent of patients with BED. People with BED also have high rates of anxiety disorders (___ percent), mood disorders (___ percent), and substance use disorders (___ percent)

Answer 33

30
65
46
23

Question 34

Addictive behavior is based on

Answer 34

the pathological need for a substance

Question 35

Substance abuse generally involves an excessive use of a substance resulting in

Answer 35

(1) potentially hazardous behavior such as driving while intoxicated or
(2) continued use despite a persistent social, psychological, occupational, or health problem

Question 36

Substance dependence includes more severe forms of substance use disorders and usually involves

Answer 36

a marked physiological need for increasing amounts of a substance to achieve the desired effects. Dependence in these disorders means that an individual will show a tolerance for a drug and/or experience withdrawal symptoms when the drug is unavailable

Question 37

Tolerance

Answer 37

the need for increased amounts of a substance to achieve the desired effects—results from biochemical changes in the body that affect the rate of metabolism and elimination of the substance from the body.

Question 38

Withdrawal refers to

Answer 38

physical symptoms such as sweating, tremors, and tension that accompany abstinence from a drug

Question 39

heavy episodic drinking is defined as the

Answer 39

consumption of six or more alcoholic drinks on at least one occasion at least once per month

Question 40

Approximately ___percent of people in the United States meet DSM criteria for alcohol use disorder at some point in their lifetime, and nearly 15 percent meet criteria in a given year

Answer 40

30

Question 41

in 2015, more than _____ (___percent) of Americans ages 18 or older reported that they currently (i.e., in the past 30 days) drink alcohol and approximately a quarter (__percent) report binge drinking (i.e., having at least five drinks on one occasion in the past month

Answer 41

half 56 percent
27

Question 42

The risk of alcohol use disorder is ___ as high in men than in women

Answer 42

twice

Question 43

High consumption of alcohol inhibits which neurotransmitter

Answer 43

glutamate

Question 44

DSM-5 Criteria for. . . Alcohol Use Disorder

Answer 44

A. A problematic pattern of alcohol use leading to clinically significant impairment or distress, as manifested by at least two of the following, occurring within a 12-month period:

1. Alcohol is often taken in larger amounts or over a longer period than was intended.
2. There is a persistent desire or unsuccessful efforts to cut down or control alcohol use.
3. A great deal of time is spent in activities necessary to obtain alcohol, use alcohol, or recover from its effects.
4. Craving, or a strong desire or urge to use alcohol. 5. Recurrent alcohol use resulting in a failure to fulfill major role obligations at work, school, or home.
5. Continued alcohol use despite having persistent or recur-rent social or interpersonal problems caused or exacer-bated by the effects of alcohol.
6. Important social, occupational, or recreational activities are given up or reduced because of alcohol use.
7. Recurrent alcohol use in situations in which it is physically hazardous.
8. Alcohol use is continued despite knowledge of having a persistent or recurrent physical or psychological problem that is likely to have been caused or exacerbated by alcohol.
9. Tolerance, as defined by either of the following:
   a. A need for markedly increased amounts of alcohol to achieve intoxication or desired effect.
   b. A markedly diminished effect with continued use of the same amount of alcohol.
10. Withdrawal, as manifested by either of the following:
    a. The characteristic withdrawal syndrome for alcohol (refer to Criteria A and B of the criteria set for alcohol withdrawal, pp. 499–500).
    b. Alcohol (or a closely related substance, such as a benzodiazepine) is taken to relieve or avoid with-drawal symptoms.

Question 45

In fact, from 15 to 30 percent of heavy drinkers develop _____of the liver, a disorder that involves extensive stiffening of the blood vessels in the liver.

Answer 45

cirrhosis

Question 46

alcohol-induced psychotic disorders are marked by…

Answer 46

a temporary loss of contact with reality

Question 47

Full blown symptoms of alcohol withdrawal delirium include (6):

Answer 47

(1) disorientation for time and place, in which, for example, a person may mistake the hospital for a church or jail, no longer recognize friends, or identify hospital attendants as old acquaintances;

(2) vivid hallucinations, particularly of small, fast-moving animals like snakes, rats, and roaches;

(3) acute fear, in which these animals may change in form, size, or color in terrifying ways;

(4) extreme suggestibility, in which a person can be made to see almost any animal if its presence is merely suggested;

(5) marked tremors of the hands, tongue, and lips; and

(6) other symptoms including perspiration, fever, a rapid and weak heartbeat, a coated tongue, and foul breath.

Question 48

___ per-cent of patients with alcohol withdrawal delirium die within 8 years of onset

Answer 48

30

Question 49

alcohol amnestic disorder (Kosakoff’s)

Answer 49

Memory defect (often accompanies by falsified events)
Recognition issues
cortical lesions
judgment deficits
intellectual decline

Question 50

Two important factors for addiction to a substance:

Answer 50

The first is the ability of most, if not all, addictive substances to activate areas of the brain that produce intrinsic pleasure and sometimes immediate, powerful reward

The second factor involves the person’s biological makeup, or constitution, including his or her genetic inheritance and the environmental influences (learning factors) that enter into the need to seek mind-altering substances to an increasing degree as use continues.

Question 51

mesocorticolimbic dopamine pathway (MCLP) is the…

Answer 51

center of psychoactive drug activation in the brain.

Question 52

Central to the neurochemical process underlying addiction is the role the drug plays in activating the “_______.”

Answer 52

pleasure pathway

Question 53

for males, having one alcoholic X increased the rate of alcohol use disorder from 12.4 percent to 29.5 percent and having two such X increased the rate to 41.2 percent

For females with no X with alcohol use disorder, the rate was 5.0 percent; for those with one such parent, the rate was 9.5 percent; and for those with two X with alcohol use disorder, it was 25.0 percent

Answer 53

parent

Question 54

children of parents whose parents had alcohol use disorder were nearly ____ as likely to have alcohol problems by their late 20s

Answer 54

twice

Question 55

Specifically, alcohol-abusing parents are less likely to keep track of what their children are doing, and this lack of monitoring often leads to the adolescents’ affiliation with drug-using peers

In addition, s____ and _____ affect (more prevalent in families with a parent with an alcohol use disorder) are associated with alcohol use in adolescents. Extremely stressful childhood experiences such as ___ ____ or _____ _____ _____ might also make a person vulnerable to later problems.

Answer 55

stress and negative

physical abuse
child sexual abuse

Question 56

Acohol abuse treatments

Answer 56

Antabuse
Treatment of withdrawal symptoms (Valium, benzo, diaz)
family counseling
community resources related to employment and other aspects of a person’s social readjustment (group therapy, environmental intervention, BT, AA, family groups, CBT)

Question 57

Motivational interviewing (MI) is a brief intervention that was designed to be a major departure from earlier confrontational approaches in which a clinician suggested that the drinker stop consuming so much alcohol. in MI the clinician guides the patient through a…

Answer 57

collaborative conversation in which the patient articulates the pros and cons of drinking and ultimately makes a decision about whether she or he is motivated to change

Question 58

A great strength of ___ is that it can be administered in one brief (35-minute) session and still have positive effects.

Answer 58

MI

Question 59

A recent study found that relapse prevention (CBT) treatment worked most effectively when…

Answer 59

family members were involved in the treatment

Question 60

2 Relapse related behaviours

Answer 60

“indulgent behaviors” based on an individual’s learning history. When an individual is abstinent or has an addiction under control, she or he gains a sense of personal control over the indulgent behavior. The longer the person is able to maintain this control, the greater the sense of achieve-ment—the self-efficacy or confidence—and the greater the chance that she or he will be able to cope with the addiction and maintain control

“abstinence violation effect,”

Question 61

In relapse prevention treatment, clients are taught to

Answer 61

recognize the apparently irrelevant decisions that serve as early warning signals of the possibility of relapse.

Question 62

Following alcohol, the psychoactive drugs most commonly associated with abuse and dependence in our society appear to be

Answer 62

(1) opiates, including opium and heroin;
(2) stimulants such as cocaine and amphetamines as well as caffeine and nicotine (disorders associated with tobacco
withdrawal and caffeine intoxication are included in the DSM-5 diagnostic classification system);
(3) sedatives such as barbiturates;
(4) hallucinogens such as LSD;
(5) antianxiety drugs such as benzodiazepines; and
(6) pain medications such as OxyContin

Question 63

Opium is a mixture of about 18 chemical substances known as ________

Answer 63

alkaloids

Question 64

When people addicted to opiates do not get another
dose of the drug within approximately ___hours of their last dose, they start to experience withdrawal symptoms

Answer 64

8

Question 65

Withdrawal symptoms usually decline by the ___ or ___ day and by the seventh or eighth day have disappeared.

Answer 65

third or fourth

Question 66

The dopamine theory of addiction suggests that addiction is…

Answer 66

the result of a dysfunction of the dopamine reward pathway

Question 67

The reward deficiency syndrome hypothesis suggests that addiction is much more likely to occur in individuals who

Answer 67

have genetic deviations in components of the reward pathway, which leads them to be less satisfied by natural rewards

Question 68

there is not a simple, single “pleasure pathway” in the brain. For instance, although dopaminergic pathways play a primary role in the “wanting” or anticipation of reward, it is the _____ system that seems to play a primary role in the “liking” or consumption of rewarding stimuli

Answer 68

opioid

Question 69

70 percent of people who abuse opioids have o____ p_____ d_____, 50 percent have other forms of s_____ a_____, and 36 percent have a history of ________

Answer 69

other psychological diagnoses
substance abuse
trauma

Question 70

____________ promises to be as effective a substitute for heroin as methadone but with fewer side effects

Answer 70

Buprenorphine

Question 71

They found that children who were regularly exposed to _____ in utero were more likely to be mistreated (23 per-cent compared with only 4 percent of controls).

Answer 71

cocaine

Question 72

There was no “fetal crack syndrome” similar to the syndrome associated with mothers who abuse _____

Answer 72

alcohol

Question 73

drugs such as naltrex-one and methadone have been used to reduce _____use

Answer 73

cocaine

Question 74

both CBT and C________ M_________ approaches are effective treatments for substance use disorders

Answer 74

contingency management (CM)

Question 75

Contingency management is based on the principles of ______ ______ and offers rewards or financial incentives for meeting agreed-on treatment targets (e.g., drug-free urine). CM has been shown to be slightly more effective than CBT for cocaine dependence

Answer 75

operant conditioning

Question 76

Methedrine is a far more potent stimulant of the CNS than either B____ or D____

Answer 76

Benzedrine or Dexedrine

Question 77

People who are addicted to methamphetamine are highly resistant
to treatment, and posttreatment relapse is common, with approximately ______-____ relapsing within 6 months after treatment and ____relapsing during the next 3 years

Answer 77

one-third
half

Question 78

Supporting the finding that nicotine may have an ________ property, nicotine use has been observed as being highly prevalent among those with ____ disorders

Answer 78

antianxiety
anxiety

Question 79

Recent evidence from stroke-related brain injury suggests that ______ addiction might be controlled by a portion of the brain near the ear called the insula

Answer 79

nicotine

Question 80

“tobacco withdrawal disorder,” (2)

Answer 80

(1) the daily use of nicotine for at least several weeks, and
(2) the presence of the following symptoms after nicotine ingestion is stopped or reduced: craving for nicotine; irritability, frustration, or anger; anxiety; difficulty concentrating; restlessness; decreased heart rate; and increased appetite or weight gain.

Question 81

quit-smoking programs and nicotine replacement thereapy (NRT) enjoy only about a __ to ___ percent success rate on average, however, although rates have been reported to be higher with treatment

Answer 81

20 to 25

Question 82

For over a hundred years, powerful sedatives called ______ have been available as an aid to falling asleep

Answer 82

barbiturates

Question 83

With b________, withdrawal symptoms are more dangerous, severe, and long lasting than in o_____ withdrawal.

Answer 83

barbiturates
opiate

Question 84

“flashback, an involuntary recurrence of perceptual distortions or hal-lucinations weeks or even months after an individual has taken the drug” relates to which drug?

Answer 84

LSD

Question 85

_____works primarily by triggering the release of
large amounts of the neurotransmitter s_______and blocking its reuptake, leading to feelings of euphoria, energy, and well-being

Answer 85

Ecstasy
serotonin

Question 86

Synthetic cathinones are substances that mimic the effects of ________ and _______by activating the body’s ______ system

Answer 86

amphetamines and cocaine
monoamine

Question 87

DSM-5 Criteria for. . . Gambling Disorder

Answer 87

A. Persistent and recurrent problematic gambling behavior leading to clinically significant impairment or distress, as indicated by the individual exhibiting four (or more) of the following in a 12-month period:

1. Needs to gamble with increasing amounts of money in order to achieve the desired excitement.
2. Is restless or irritable when attempting to cut down or stop gambling.
3. Has made repeated unsuccessful efforts to control, cut back, or stop gambling.
4. Is often preoccupied with gambling (e.g., having persistent thoughts of reliving past gambling experiences, handicapping or planning the next venture, thinking of ways to get money with which to gamble).
5. Often gambles when feeling distressed (e.g., helpless, guilty, anxious, depressed).
6. After losing money gambling, often returns another day to get even (“chasing” one’s losses).
7. Lies to conceal the extent of involvement with gambling.
8. Has jeopardized or lost a significant relationship, job, or educational or career opportunity because of gambling.
9. Relies on others to provide money to relieve desperate financial situations caused by gambling.

B. The gambling behavior is not better explained by a manic episode.

Question 88

Those with co-occurring ____ _____ disorders typically have the most severe gambling problems

Answer 88

substance abuse

Question 89

evidence sometimes supports ____in treatment of gambling disorder

Answer 89

CBT

Question 90

Although ____women exhibit levels of pathological eating similar to those of white women, it has long been held that ______ _______ are less susceptible to subclinical types of eating problems and body image concerns than Caucasians are.

Answer 90

Asian
African Americans

Question 91

In one large family study of eating disorders, the risk of anorexia nervosa for the rela-tives of individuals with anorexia nervosa was ___.___ times greater than for the relatives of the healthy controls

Answer 91

11.4

Question 92

For the relatives of people with bulimia nervosa, the risk of bulimia nervosa was __.__ times higher than it was for the relatives of the healthy controls

Answer 92

3.7

Question 93

The relatives of people suffering from bulimia nervosa also have an increased likelihood of having problems with ___ and ___dependence while the relatives of those diagnosed with anorexia nervosa are at increased risk of ___ and ___

Answer 93

alcohol and drug dependence,

obsessive-compulsive disorder and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

Question 94

For example, high rates of ____ _____ _____ are found in the relatives of patients with anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge-eating disorder

Answer 94

major depressive disorder

Question 95

This GWAS identified a locus (a specific position or location of a gene) for anorexia nervosa on chromosome ___, in a region that has previously shown associations with Type 1 diabetes and autoimmune disorders

Answer 95

12

Question 96

This GWAS identified a locus (a specific position or location of a gene) for anorexia nervosa on chromosome ___, in a region that has previously shown associations with Type 1 diabetes and autoimmune disorders

Answer 96

12

Question 97

Although still speculative at this time, it is reasonable to suggest that the hypothalamus “senses” weight in some way and keeps things in balance with the ventromedial hypothalamus acting as a “satiety center” and the lateral hypothalamus serving as an “appetite center.”

Question 98

There is a well-established tendency for our bodies to resist marked variation from some sort of biologically determined ___ _____ or weight that our individual bodies try to “defend”

Answer 98

set point

Question 99

neurotransmitter ___________ modulates appetite and feeding behaviour.

Answer 99

serotonin

Question 100

Because many patients with eating disorders respond well to treatment with antidepressants (which target _____), some researchers have concluded that eating disorders involve a disruption in the _____ergic system

Answer 100

serotonin
seroton

Question 101

People with anorexia nervosa have low levels of __-_____, which is a major metabolite of serotonin.

Answer 101

5-HIAA

Question 102

more than one-third of patients with anorexia nervosa reported that family dys-function was a factor that contributed to the development of their eating disorder. Elaborate on ‘family dysfunction’ (3)

Answer 102

Patients with anorexia nervosa perceive their families as

more rigid,
less cohesive, and
as having poorer communication than healthy control participants do

Question 103

_____X_____ also seems to predate disordered eating in those with anorexia nervosa, and remission does not lead to a reduction in _____X_____

Answer 103

perfectionism

Question 104

negative affect is more likely to be the trigger for _______ ______, rather than the other way around

Answer 104

dietary restriction

Question 105

Approximately ___ percent of patients with severe eating disorders have to be committed to a hospital for treatment against their will

Answer 105

17

Question 106

Which subtype of anorexia nervosa is most likely to drop out of treatment?

Answer 106

binge/purge

Question 107

research suggests that treatment of AN with an _______ medication called olanzapine may be beneficial.

Answer 107

antipsychotic

Question 108

The best-studied approach, which (very importantly) blames neither the parents nor the child for the anorexia nervosa, is known as the ____ model

Answer 108

Maudsley model

Question 109

According to RCTs, after 1 year of family therapy, ____ to ___ percent of AN patients show full recovery

Answer 109

75 to 90

Question 110

For patients who are older or who have a long history of anorexia nervosa, the ________ approach unfortunately provides little clinical benefit

Answer 110

Maudsley

Question 111

(CBT) has proved to be very effective in treating ____nervosa.

Answer 111

bulimia

Question 112

In those with ______ nervosa, anti-depressants seem to decrease the frequency of binges as well as improve patients’ mood and preoccupation with shape and weight

Answer 112

bulimia

Question 113

The findings therefore suggest that for racial and ethnic minorities with _____, interper-sonal psychotherapy might be a particularly suitable treat-ment approach

Answer 113

BED (Binge eating disorder)

Question 114

BMI ranges:

Answer 114

18.5 are considered underweight;
18.5 to 24.9 is considered normal;
25.0 to 29.9 is overweight;
>= 30 is obese;
>=40 morbid obesity.

Question 115

With the exception of _____, obesity is more prevalent in ethnic minorities.

Answer 115

Asians

Question 116

In the U.S. less than a ____of the population is at a normal or healthy weight.

Answer 116

third

Question 117

In general, rates of obesity are also somewhat higher in ____[gender] than they are in ____, except for which racial minority?

Answer 117

men
women
African Americans ( One in every two black women is obese)

Question 118

a genetic mutation has been discovered that is specifically associated with binge eating in ___ percent of the obese population

Answer 118

5%

Question 119

Only _____% of those without the binge-eating gene that were obese displayed a pattern of binge eating.

Answer 119

14%

Question 120

Using _____approaches, researchers have now identified 97 genetic regions that are associated with body mass index and body fat distribution

Answer 120

GWAS

Question 121

One key element of this homeostatic system is a hormone called _____, which is produced by fat cells.

Answer 121

leptin

Question 122

People who are overweight generally have high levels of ______ in their bloodstream. The problem is that they are resistant to its effects.

Answer 122

leptin

Question 123

Ghrelin (from hindu ‘growth’) is a hormone that is produced by the stomach. It is a powerful appetite _____.

Answer 123

stimulator

Question 124

The food cravings experienced by people with _____-_____ syndrome can be so extreme that food has to be kept locked away so that they cannot binge

Answer 124

Prader–Willi

Question 125

children ate __percent more after watching a TV cartoon that contained food advertisements than they did if the cartoon contained advertising for other products

Answer 125

45

Question 126

Finally, there is some evidence that obesity might be “socially contagious.”

if someone close to us (e.g., a spouse, sibling, or friend) becomes obese, the chance that we ourselves will later become obese can increase by as much as __ percent.

Answer 126

57

Question 127

research suggests that one pathway to binge eating may be through social pressure to conform to the ___ideal, as ironic as this may seem

Answer 127

thin

Question 128

Three main treatment options are used with people who are overweight or obese:

Answer 128

(1) lifestyle modifications (diet, exercise, and behavior therapy),
(2) medications, and
(3) bariatric surgery.

Question 129

Orlistat (Xenical) works by reducing the amount of fat in the diet that can be….

Answer 129

absorbed once it enters the gut.

Question 130

Bariatric or gastric bypass surgery is the most effective long-term treatment for people who are _____ ______

Answer 130

morbidly obese