WEEK 11 - Cognitive Bias Flashcards
what is cognitive biases ?
are persistent and widespread psychological tendencies that can be determined to objectivity and rationality
where do biases often arise from ?
they often arise from proper cognitive functioning
what are four types of biases ?
- memory biases
- context biases
- evidential failures
- ego biases
what is memory biases ?
Are biases that affect how we encode and recall information
what are the four memory biases effects ?
- the recency effect
- the primary effect
- the availability bias
- the exposure efect
what is the recency effect ?
we tend to better recall more recently presented information
what is the primacy effect ?
we tend to better recall information presented at the starts of a list of sequency
what is the availability bias ?
we largely based estimates of frequency and probability on how easy it is to recall examples
what is the exposure effect ?
we respond more positively to familiar things
what are three memory biases hacks ?
- emotional and dramatic events
- individual cases vs. statistic
- the influence of imagination
what is context biases ?
is a bias in judgment triggered by irrelevant features of the context in which the judgment is made
what does anchoring mean ?
making the first move when bargaining can be advantageous – it sets an anchor
what is the anchoring effect ?
we use arbitrary reference points as an “anchor” from which we make minor adjustments to arrive at our judgment
what is an agent metaphor ?
an agent metaphor is a metaphor that describes something in terms normally used to describe agents
what is the framing effect ?
irrelevant features of the way that a problem is formulated (or framed)
“There is a 10% chance of dying from the surgery.”
“The surgery has a 90% chance of survival.”
is an example of what ?
framing effect
what are evidential failures ?
are cases in which we fail to use information and evidence correctly
what is confirmation bias ?
we tend to look for evidence confirming our beliefs rather than disconfirming evidence
what is the belief perseverance effect ?
after we’ve judged that a belief is false, we sometimes continue to have the belief
what is ego bias ?
are biases concerning our perception of ourselves and how we see others in relation to ourselves
what is the above average effect ?
most people think they are better than average at any given activity
“the majority of drivers say they are more skillful and less risky drivers than average driver”
is an example of what ?
the above average effect
what are race and gender biases ?
These biases constitute implicit racism and implicit sexism and other forms of implicit bias
