Week 11 - A Permanent Revolution Flashcards
Identify and recognize the components of cultural change in the last half of the twentieth century amid the modern revolution and modernist thinking.
-“Objects form practices” (Foucault)
-Design, urban planning, and order become the hallmark of visual standards in 20th C.
-New materials: glass & steel reach for the skies
-Display, light, and the democratization of desire
-The house as a machine for living: science in the domestic sphere Motorama, Design for Dreaming
-The continued race for empire, new forms (Grandin, 2006)
-WWI and WWII pushes science in service to rising nation states
Industrialization
-Critical attitudes toward modernist faith (faith in progress as a result of industrialization)
-Social movements: 1910s and 1920s widespread social unrest amid decadence of 1920s, and then after the postwar consensus of the 1950s
-Decolonization amid neocolonialism
Identify and define futurism and recognize how it influenced patterns of engineering in the late twentieth century.
-Futurism: an artistic and social movement that emphasized speed, technology, youth and (sometimes) violence.
Identify and define the modern promise and the technological developments of the modern promise and the implications of big science.
-Rise of intellectualism
-Legitimization of state science, science in service to national progress
-Integration of “Big Science” into every aspect of social life in 20th C. - dissemination of science in schools, social life, gover
-Cultural transformation takes time, especially post WWII period of 1950s Some things are shattered; but new forms are still built on the old
Identify the limits of the modern promise and the tensions and anxieties of the 1950s and 1960s.
-Some reject changes brought by industrial transformation
-Renewed efforts at international diplomacy and a focus on human rights The Geneva Convention, 1947
-The Atomic Age, the space race, the arms race, the science race, “our way is better than your way” all of these things are related to industrial transformation
Identify the reasons that Earth became a planet in 1957.
Define and recognize the features of the International Geophysical Year.
1957 - The Year the world became a planet
- International Geophysical Year - elect eng sunspot year research development around auroras, seismic theory
- pangea
- Space exploration (Sputnik first satellite)
- Arms race: long range weapons development and Soviet missile launch)
- Global takes on new meaning in the aftermath of war and into the Cold War: comm. satellites and espionage
- “A world on the edge” and the “death of certainty” (Ede and Cormack)
As Ede & Cormack (2012) argue, 1957 was a critical year for humanity! According to them, 1957 was THE year that Earth became a planet, which was largely the culmination of the implication of big science in everyday life. They outline that this year was exceptional for several reasons, but in particular because it was termed ‘the International Geophysical Year’, a year of intense scientific collaboration and discovery which included developments in:
sun observation; aurora and air glow research; cosmic rays; geomagnetism; longitude and latitude; meteorology; oceanography; seismology continental drift theory
Identify the role of the mass communications apparatus as a central feature of the modern promise.
- Modern promise: promise of affluence, ability of farmers to grow higher yield crops
-Rising complexity and the modern promise science, popular culture, and mass communications
-Growth in communication services national celebration and might
-New channels augment this: film, radio, television
-Simultaneity of experience – forging of national and international identities
-Scientific management
-Mass consumption and production The Modern Dream
-For who? The composite ideal & the post war social consensus - the boomers
Identify the key features, timeline, central developments, and political implications of the Space Race and the Cold War.
-Some reject changes brought by industrial transformation
-Renewed efforts at international diplomacy and a focus on human rights The Geneva Convention, 1947
-The Atomic Age, the space race, the arms race, the science race, “our way is better than your way” all of these things are related to industrial transformation
- US and Soviets fought in a race to produce best space technology
- 1955 - both announced they would be launching satellites into space - sputnik 1957
- 1961 - Yuri Gagarin, first man in space in Vostok 1
Define what the Cold War was, when it happened and how it relates to the space race.
-Science fiction and the annihilation of uncertainty amid Cold War hysteria
- a rivalry between the USSR and the USA that played out globally.
- Socialism, at least as Marx constructed it, wanted to take over the world, and many Soviets saw themselves in a conflict with bourgeois capitalism itself.
- the Soviets saw American rebuilding efforts in Europe and Japan as the U.S. trying to expand its markets, which, is exactly what we were doing
- So the U.S. feared that the USSR wanted to destroy democratic and capitalist institutions. And the Soviets feared that the US wanted to use its money and power to dominate Europe and eventually destroy the Soviet system
- From the beginning, the U.S had the advantage because it had more money and power and could provide Europe protection (what with its army and one of a kind nuclear arsenal) while Europe rebuilt itself
- The USSR had to rebuild itself, and also they had the significant disadvantage of being controlled by JS
- Europe was the first battleground of the Cold
War, especially Germany, which was divided into 2 parts with the former capital, Berlin, also divided into 2 parts. - In 1948, the Soviets tried to cut off West Berlin,
by closing the main road that led into the city, but the Berlin airlift stopped them. And then in 1961, the Soviets tried again and this time they were much more successful building a wall around West Berlin (the Berlin Wall) - U.S. response to the Soviets was a policy called containment
- the Marshall Plan spent $13 billion on re-building western Europe with grants and credits that Europeans would spend on American consumer goods and on construction
- US also tried to slow the spread of communism by founding NATO and with CIA interventions in elections where communists had a chance, as in Italy.
- nuclear arms race
Both sides developed nuclear arsenals, the Soviets initially with the help of spies who stole American secrets.
-nuclear arsenals were so big that the U.S. and USSR agreed on a strategy appropriately called MAD, which stood for Mutually Assured Destruction - 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis. Able Archer 83 - 1983, when we forgot to give the Russians the heads up that we were doing some war games, which made it look like we had launched a first strike.
- proxy wars:
Korean war, Vietnam War
after Korea and especially China became communist, Vietnam’s movement toward communism seemed very much a threat to Japan, which the U.S. had helped re-make into a vibrant capitalist ally. - US supported anti communist mujahideen who became taliban later
- US supported anti leftist government rebels
- in El Salvador, the US bolstered authoritarian regimes that were threatened by left wing guerillas
- Supported Guatemala
- The Suez Crisis where British and French paratroopers were sent in to try to stop Egypt from nationalizing the Suez canal
- famous CIA-engineered coup to overthrow Iran’s democratically elected prime minister Mohammad Mosaddegh after his government attempted to nationalize Iran’s oil industry
- CIA helping Chile’s General Augusto Pinochet overthrow democratically elected Marxist president Salvador Allende in 1973.
- Soviets used force to crush popular uprisings in Hungary in 1956 and in Czechoslovakia in 1968.
- Gorbachev’s Perestroika and Glasnost
Identify the timeline of the space race and the central developments, including the first satellite in space, the first person in space, and the establishment of NASA.
the launch of the first satellite by the USSR in 1957–called Sputnik–was also a central and defining moment of the year that Earth became a planet. It was the moment that humans ‘grew up.’ This event also helped to instigate a clash of culture and military posturing that came to influence the nature of tensions between the US and the USSR in the 1950s and 1960s.
Recognize the establishment of NANA and the significance of Kennedy’s Moon Speech as a pivotal cultural moment in the space race.
- may 20th, 1961 - JFK made bold claim to congress that America would be first to land a man on the moon
- Valentina (russian astronaut) - became first woman in space
- NASA increased budget for Gemini and Apollo programs
- Jul 20th, 1969 - Neil A, Buzz A, Michael C become first men on moon
- 1975 - joint mission
Identify and recognize the role the President Kennedy played in the space race and the militarization of space.
Identify and recognize the role that technology played in the modern promise.
Identify and recognize the tensions and limitations of the modern promise.
Identify the ways in which science presented possibility and restriction for women in the Cold War era.
Science and technology in the second half of the twentieth century made way for new commodities and consumer values, new occupations, and new ways of thinking about the role of women in society.
women in the sciences faced possibility and restriction leading into the twentieth century, and this continued to our current times.
women organized around challenging the male preserve of science. women pursued science education and filled professional roles in scientific occupations, including those in nursing and teaching, but also engineering and computing. women organized themselves politically to challenge pay discrepancies and sexism by calling for improved opportunity and legislation to ensure pay equity and worker protections. women also gained access to reproductive rights, including the birth control bill, which opened-up professional opportunities.
