week 11 Flashcards
focuses on the stories individuals tell about their experiences.
Narrative Research
Road map that the researcher decides to follow during the research journey
*Research questions (and hypothesis)
*Sampling
*Data collection methods
*Data analysis techniques
*Timeframe
Research design
focuses on understanding the lived experiences and the meanings individuals attach to those experiences.
Phenomenology
explores a specific case in depth, often using multiple sources.
Case study
involves immersive observation and interaction with a specific cultural or social group a relatively long period of time.
Ethnography
use random assignment of participants, have control over manipulation of independent variable(s), and has a control group or condition
True experiments
do not use random assignment, may or may not have a control group, and may or may not have control over manipulation of the independent variable.
Quasi-experiments
do not use random assignment, do not have control groups, but have control over manipulation of the independent variable. (Pretest-Posttest)
Pre-experiments
do not use random assignment, may or may not have a control group, and do not have control over manipulation of independent variable. (Correlational design, survey)
Non-experiments
level of social life in which RQs are focused
Unit of analysis
item/s that a researcher observes, measures, or collects while trying to learn something about the unit of analysis
Unit of observation
DATA COLLECTION METHOD, PROCEDURE, AND ANALYSIS
surveys
interviews
observations
focus groups experiments
existing data analysis field trials / pilot studies content analysis
sampling technique in which samples from a larger population are chosen using a method based on the theory of probability.
Probability Sampling
sampling technique in which the researcher selects samples based on the researcher’s subjective judgment rather than random selection.
Non-probability sampling
A sampling technique that involves randomly selecting a small group of people from a larger population, and then predicting the likelihood that all their responses put together will match those of the overall population.
Probability sampling
A method of obtaining information where every single member of a population is chosen randomly, merely by chance.
Simple random sampling
A method where the researchers divide the entire population into sections or clusters representing a population (often by geography).
Cluster sampling
A method where researchers choose the sample members of a population at regular intervals.
Systematic sampling
A method in which the researcher divides the population into smaller groups (strata) that don’t overlap but represent the entire population (ex. age, gender). While sampling, these groups can be organized, and then draw a sample from each group separately.
Stratified sampling
A sampling technique that involves a selection of participants that are not based on random selection. It relies on judgment, convenience, or specific criteria.
Non-probability sampling
This method depends on the ease of access to subjects. This method is used when there are time and cost limitations in collecting feedback.
Convenience sampling
This method is formed at the researcher’s discretion. Researchers purely consider the purpose of the study, along with the understanding of the target audience.
Purposive sampling
A sampling method that researchers apply when the subjects are difficult to trace. In such cases, researchers can track a few categories to interview and derive results. Researchers also implement this sampling method when the topic is highly sensitive and not openly discussed.
Snowball sampling
A sampling technique where selection happens based on a pre-set standard and according to predefined quotas. In this case, as a sample is formed based on specific attributes, the created sample will have the same qualities found in the total population. It is a rapid method of collecting samples.
Quota sampling
5-10 for pilot studies / exploratory research
10-20 for non-exploratory research
20-30 for studies that can be perceived differently by populations
Qualitative sampling
Margin of error is 5% (0.05) Confidence level is pegged at 95% Statistical power should be 80% (0.8)
385 is generally sufficient for a population size of 10,000 at a 95% confidence level with a 5% margin of error.
Quantitative sampling
Cochran’s formula
n = Z2 p(1–p) / e2
indicates a cause-effect relationship among concepts or variables
it is a type of theoretical explanation about why events occur and how things work expressed in terms of causes and effects or as one factor producing certain results.
Causal explanation
an explanation that identifies the concrete, individual sequence of events, thoughts, or actions that resulted in a particular event; historical or individualist explanation
Qualitative idiographic causal explanation
an explanation that identifies common influences on a number of cases or events
Quantitative nomothetic causal explanation
Cause must come before the effect
Temporal order
When we create a causal explanation, we must have more than 2 variables that are correlated by which the primary IV influences the primary DV
SPECIFYING THE MECHANISM IN A CAUSAL RELATIONSHIP
The occurrence of two events, characteristics, or factors so that when one happens or is present, the other one is likely to happen or be present as well.
Association
Process in evaluating each part of the chain
Outlining the causal chain
