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2711 Final > Week 10: Social Support & Caregiving > Flashcards

Week 10: Social Support & Caregiving Flashcards

1
Q

Opportunities for older people to have social participation

A
  • Volunteerism
  • Political
  • Religious
  • Cultural
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2
Q

Individual level constraints on social participation

A
  • Health
  • Decline in financial resources
  • Transportation (inability to drive/use of public transportation)
  • Lack of a partner/friend
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3
Q

Social level constraints on social participation

A
  • Lack of programs
  • Discouraging culture/negative stereotypes
  • Unfavourable public transportation/ built environment (no green spaces, benches .etc)
  • Unsafe neighbourhoods
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4
Q

T or F: people rarely mix formal & informal care at the same time

A

F: most use interrelated care

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5
Q

Help and assistance we give to and receive from others is known as _____

A

social support

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6
Q

Formal support

A

paid support from professional caregivers (doctors, nurses, social workers, home care givers)

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7
Q

Informal support

A

unpaid support from friends, neighbours, family

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8
Q

Level of informal care relates to 3 main resources within the social network

A
  1. Size (# of people in network)
  2. quality (level of emotional attachment, time commitment)
  3. proximity (living close by)
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9
Q

amount of resources, including social support available =

A

social capital

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10
Q

Do people receive more/less of formal/informal/or both with
1. age
2. health status

A
  1. Age - receive more formal care as as they age due to less social networks
  2. Health status - poor health receives more care of both, regardless of age
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11
Q

issues with informal support (4)

A
  1. Policies are not based on realities
    • Not enough caregivers available
  2. Scarce governmental support
  3. Elderly abuse
  4. Burden on caregivers (mostly women)
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12
Q

About _____ Canadians (>45y) give care to a senior

A

3 millon

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13
Q

what is: any action or inaction by any person that causes harm to an older person (NICE, 2020)

A

elder abuse

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14
Q

who are
a) most victims of elder abuse
b) common perpetrators for M vs F

A

a) Most victims are women
b) Perpetrators:
W: Family
M: an acquaintance or stranger

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15
Q

hidden problem with elder abuse

A

under-reported, low-quality data

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16
Q

risk factors of elder abuse

A
  1. Unresolved conflicts
  2. Financial, personal dependence
  3. Burden
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17
Q

Who is more likely to provide informal support and be older care recipients

A

women

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18
Q

top 2 people that provide the most support

A
  1. spouses
  2. children
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19
Q

4 Models of Informal Support

A
  1. The Task Specificity Model
  2. The Hierarchial Compensatory Model
  3. The Functional Specificity of Relationships Model
  4. The Convoy Model of Support
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20
Q

The Task Specificity Model

A
  • different groups (friends, families, spouse) have different abilities and offer different types of support
  • each groups plays a specific role (companionship vs support vs confidants)

(-) Variety of tasks overlap

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21
Q

The Hierarchial Compensatory Model

A
  • people choose their supports first from their inner family circle, then move outward to less-intimate people as they need more help
    ex. Spouse -> children -> friends/sibling/extended family -> neighbours -> formal supports

(-) Elderly use variety of formal/informal supports at same time, not in hierarchial order

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22
Q

The Functional Specificity of Relationships Model

A
  • particular relationships between caregiver and receiver can lead to different kinds of support
  • Support is based on history of a relationship
    ex. Son may serve an active role in support vs just handling formal care
  • gender, marital status, parenthood, proximity affect amount/type of support received

(+) regarding siblings
- Serve as companions, more often providing practical support to sisters vs brothers

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23
Q

The Convoy Model of Support

A

views social support as a dynamic network of close family and friend ties
- Closest circle= closest ties, outer circles = less close ties
- Ties form a “convoy” that travels with you throughout life, exchanging support and assistance

(-) Not all strong ties provide support, and weak ties can provide significant support

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24
Q

Developmental stake (or generational stake)

A

compared to their children, older people have a greater stake in the parent-child relationship

  • Looks at how generations provide support for each other and negotiate family solidarity
25
Intergenerational ambivalence
focuses on potential for conflict and estrangement between parents and adult children
26
childless elderly tend to report ____ & _____, and have more ____ & _____
*report high life satisfaction and happiness *have more income and wealth
27
Disadvantages for childless elderly
- Lack of companionship - missed experiences - feeling incomplete - lack of care in old age
28
Friends as informal support
- High-quality friendships in later life lead to high life satisfaction and well-being - Many older people get more enjoyment out of friend visits vs family - Help cope with widowhood and loss, serve as confidants
29
Siblings as informal support
- Single older person will make most use of sibling support - Women tend to have more active sibling ties
30
technology as informal support
Allows family members to access support, communicate and get information
31
Caregiver burden
problems and stress due to caregiving - May lead to lower well-being, life satisfaction and mental health
32
Greater risk for caregiver burden
- More impaired the family member - fewer financial resources - personal health problems - Recent immigrants, religious beliefs, filial piety
33
caregivers require...
- support groups - homemaker services - transportation services
34
caregivers report needing...
- In-home healthcare - respite care - adult day programs
35
what can buffer caregiver burden
Good marital relations and a strong bond of intimacy
36
Quasi-widowhood
experiencing feelings of grief, depression and loss after a spouse is placed in a nursing home
37
what kind of caregivers rely more on formal help
males
38
T or F: men show a stronger negative association between a spouse's illness and marital satisfaction
F: wives do
39
Long-distance caregivers
those who live a significant geographic distance from their care receiver
40
Women with younger children often feel ______ between work and caregiving
sandwiched
41
what is needed for caregiver well-being
- supportive/flexible work environments (schedules, family leave .etc) - Respite services (visitor for hours, adult daycare .etc) - Elder care programs - Social support
42
Trends indicating # of informal supports may decrease:
1. Demographic changes may decrease the amount of informal support older people receive in the future *Family size has shrunk = decrease in availability of support *# of children 65+ will increase = need to care for themselves *Predicted increase in need for formal home care 2. As people live longer, their support network suffers loss from deaths of a spouse and cohort attention *Peers die, leaving members of support network without help *Makes children a vital source of support, pressure on Baby Boom children
43
Trends indicating # of informal supports may increase:
1. Longer life expectancy means spouses will live longer, providing more support 2. Greater longevity may mean the parent-child relationship can endure long into the child's middle/later years 3. Trends in health promotion (diet, exercise, decreased smoking) may lead to better health in old age 4. New types of groups based on mutual needs of older people may develop *Rely on bond of reciprocity, not kinship, friendship .etc
44
​​Abuse and neglect
any action or inaction by any person that causes harm to an older person
45
Which of the following does mistreatment NOT include: - physical abuse - psychosocial abuse - financial abuse - bullying - neglect (active or passive) - institutional abuse - domestic violence
bullying
46
Most abuse against older people comes from who?
family members
47
T or F: Seniors had the lowest rate of family violence of all adult age groups
T
48
T or F: Women fall victim to more incidents of family violence than men
T Assault & verbal threats = most common forms of family violence against women
49
T or F: Men are more likely to face victimization from a close friend
F: acquaintance or stranger
50
T or F: women run a higher risk of abandonment (most extreme form of neglect)
F: men do
51
What do those who report chronic verbal abuse and physical violence have in common?
- Married, abuse coming from spouse
52
what is the ecological iceberg of elder mistreatment
most mistreatment of elderly goes unreported and unmeasured
53
Which of the following theories is NOT commonly used to explain the cause of elder abuse? A) Caregiver stress B) Abuse exists as a part of a larger pattern of family violence C) Abuse within marriage is a continuation of earlier spousal abuse into later life D) Elder abuse is caused by genetic factors E) Fits into a larger societal pattern of ageism and devaluation of older people
D = false
54
December 2012, Canadian Parliament passed Protecting Canada's Seniors Act
Helps ensure consistent tough penalties for those who take advantage of elderly Canadians
55
June 2015, Canadian Parliament passed the Canada Digital Privacy Act 2015 (DPA)
Provided added protection to seniors by requiring organizations to "simplify their consent documentation and online terms when receiving data from less sophisticated individuals in order to ensure consents are valid"
56
T or F: disrespect can be considered a form of elder abuse
T - "disrespect" of elderly was the primary type of elder abuse in Chinese communities - may hesitate to report abuse due to fear of bringing shame on family, may rely on children to navigate Western culture, fear deportation
57
​​Increased interest in abuse and neglect due to:
1. Growth of older population 2. Increased political power of older people 3. Women's movement and a critical analysis of the family 4. The state's willingness to intervene in family life
58
T or F: informal supports may decline in the future
T
59
Seniors may have an increased reliance on fictive kin - what is this?
close relationships an elderly develops with non-relatives (friends, neighbours, home care workers)

2711 Final (2 decks)

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