WEEK 10 - RNA TO PROTEIN Flashcards
What is the process that converts the information in RNA into protein?
Translation
What is the nucleotide sequence of a gene translated into through mRNA?
The amino acid sequence of a protein.
One amino acid or a stop to the translation process.
codon specification
What is the name of the region on tRNA that pairs with the complementary codon in mRNA?
Anticodon.
What are groups of three consecutive nucleotides in RNA called?
Codons
Formation of a peptide bond between the carboxyl group of a polypeptide chain and a free amino group on an incoming amino acid.
fundamental reaction of protein synthesis
What type of molecules recognize and bind to both codons and amino acids during translation?
Transfer RNAs (tRNAs).
They covalently couple each amino acid to its appropriate set of tRNA molecules.
aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases
What structure is essential for the translation of mRNA?
Ribosomes
What are the two subunits of a ribosome composed of?
One or more molecules of rRNA and an array of ribosomal proteins.
What are the three possible stop codons?
- UAG * UAA * UGA
What triggers the termination phase of translation?
The presence of a stop codon in the A site.
How many ribosomes are typically found in a bacterial cell?
About 10,000.
What is the size of a eukaryotic ribosome?
Approximately 80S.
What are the three steps of mRNA translation?
- Initiation * Elongation * Termination
The small ribosomal subunit binds to initiation factors and then to mRNA.
first step in the initiation of translation
What is the size of a prokaryotic ribosome?
70S.
What sequence precedes the initial AUG start codon in bacteria?
Shine–Dalgarno sequence.
What signals the start of the elongation phase in translation?
The binding of charged tRNA to the P site.
What happens to the bond between the tRNA in the P site and its cognate amino acid during elongation?
It is hydrolyzed.
What is the term for the process that shifts the mRNA-tRNA-aa2-aa1 complex in the ribosome?
Translocation
What does the termination codon signal?
The action of a GTP-dependent release factor.
When the two subunits are associated with
each other in a single ribosome, the structure is
sometimes called a?
monosome
