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NURS 2550 final > week 10- nutrition in pregnancy > Flashcards

week 10- nutrition in pregnancy Flashcards

1
Q

first trimester

A

0-13 weeks
- sperm & ovum (zygote) implants in uterus
- embryo develops from 2-8 weeks
- becomes a fetus at 8 weeks

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2
Q

role of placenta

A

acts as a respiratory system (provides oxygenated blood), delivers nutrients and removes waste products

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3
Q

second trimester

A

14-27 weeks
- growth and development of skeleton and organ systems
- fetus begins to hear sounds, suck thumb
- length increases from 7.5cm to 30cm

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4
Q

third trimester

A

28-40 weeks
- rapid growth of fetus (3/4 of body weight is developed)
- rapid growth and development of the brain
- lung development

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5
Q

teratogen exposure during pregnancy

A
  • weeks 1-2 are generally safe from teratogen exposure, as cells are rapidly dividing/being replaced
  • weeks 3-16 are highly sensitive to teratogens, can lead to NTDs/cleft palate etc.
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6
Q

examples of teratogens

A

caffeine, medications, infection, herbs and supplements, lead and mercury, nutrition (avoid unpasteurized milk/dairy, undercooked meat)

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7
Q

cigarettes during pregnancy

A
  • can lead to stillbirth, LBW, preterm labour
  • correlated with nutrition and dietary habits
  • has the largest impact of all preventable causes of LBW in canada
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8
Q

second-hand smoke during pregnancy

A

increases risk of LBW, increases risk of SIDS

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9
Q

cannabis during pregnancy

A
  • LBW, preterm labour, CV and mental health concerns
  • ST and LT learning, development, behavioural abnormalities
  • crosses placenta
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10
Q

alcohol during pregnancy

A
  • 10-15% of women drink throughout pregnancy
  • fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) affects 1% of population
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11
Q

fetal alcohol spectrum disorder

A

leads to restricted growth, facial abnormalities, brain damage (depression, anxiety, learning disabilities, difficulty with social interactions, difficulty learning from mistakes)

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12
Q

low birth weight

A

<5.5lbs/2500g (includes premies and SGA)

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13
Q

premature babies

A

born <37 weeks

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14
Q

small for gestational age (SGA)

A

<10th%

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15
Q

large for gestational age (LGA)

A

> 90th%

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16
Q

risks of underweight mothers prior to pregnancy

A

preterm birth or SGA

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17
Q

risks of overweight mothers prior to pregnancy

A

infertility, gestational diabetes, surgical delivery, miscarriage, NTDs, congenital heart defects

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18
Q

how much weight should be gained during pregnancy?

A

3.5lbs total during first trimester and 1lb/week for second and third trimester

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19
Q

where does extra weight go during pregnancy?

A

extra blood, breasts/energy stores, uterus, placenta, baby, amniotic fluid

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20
Q

risks of excessive weight gain during pregnancy

A

for mom: LGA, c-section/birth trauma, maternal weight retention
for baby: overweight, type 2 diabetes

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21
Q

risks of LBW

A
  • higher risk of sudden infant death syndrome, diabetes, HT, heart disease, asthma, hearing problems, blindness
  • effects 6.1% of babies and is higher in mothers aged 35-49
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22
Q

risks of SGA

A
  • risk factors include smoking and substance use, inadequate weight gain, congenital infections
  • may lead to higher risk for neonatal stress, infant death, neurodevelopmental delays
  • occurs with 8.9% of births in canada
23
Q

risks of LGA

A
  • may lead to muscle/nerve damage during birth, twice as likely to have NTD, increased risk of diabetes
  • occurs with 10.3% of births (higher in indigenous populations)
24
Q

why are indigenous people disproportionately affected by LGA?

A

colonization (shift away from hunting, decrease in PA), poor access to HC, loss of traditional healing practices, food insecurity

25
maternal macronutrient requirements
- increased caloric/nutrient requirements, choose nutrient dense foods - 71g of protein (+25g), important for fetal growth - carbs inc from 103 to 175g/d, important for fetal brain development - fibre improves GI motility
26
maternal fat recommendations
- choose polyunsaturated/monounsaturated - women need long chain omega 3 for fetal brain development - sources include cold water fish, canola, flaxseed oils, walnuts - recommendation is 150g of cooked fish each week - limit predator fish intake (tuna, swordfish, marlin)
27
caloric requirements throughout pregnancy
a) first trimester: no change b) second trimester: increase of 340kcal/d + inc in micronutrients c) third trimester: increase of 450kcal/d + inc in micronutrients
28
folate requirements
- women of reproductive age should take folate - essential for cell division and normal development of the spine, skull and brain - deficiency can lead to NTDs (spina bifida, anencephaly, macrocytic anemia) - 400mcg/d (supplement)
29
b12 requirements
- converts folate to active form and important for RBC formation and nerve development - increased absorption of B12 in pregnant females - deficiency can lead to NTDs - vegetarians and vegans at risk of deficiency
30
vitamin D and calcium requirements
- needed for absorption and bone growth of fetal skeleton - RDA calcium: 1300mg, RDA vitamin D: 600IU - increases in vitamin D and calcium not required as there is increased absorption of calcium during pregnancy
31
iron requirements
- used in formation of RBCs to transport oxygen - fetal demand increases in third trimester, stores last for the first 6 months of life - absorption enhanced with vitamin C - recommended intake is 27mg in second/third trimesters (16-20mg supplement)
32
nutrition requirements during BF
- calories increase by 500kcal/d for first 6 months (330 from food, 170 from fat stores) - nutrient quality of breastmilk is maintained by drawing from maternal stores - no special diet required
33
growth from birth to one year
- length increases by 50% - back to birth weight by 7-10 days, doubles by 4-6 months, triples by 1 year - high BMR and energy needs
34
nutrient requirements: birth to one year
- 100kcal/kg/d with breastmilk or formula - 40-50% fat until 2 - 20% protein or 1.5g/kg/d because of immature kidneys
35
benefits of BF for mom
burns excess calories, lowers rate of T2D/HT/heart disease, decreased cancer risk, decreased bleeding after birth
36
benefits of BF for infant
right about of nutrients, easier to digest, antibodies, lower risk of sudden infant death syndrome, can help reduce risk of ST/LT health problems
37
BF and substance use
- moderate alcohol consumption (1 drink/d) is fine as long as mom waits 2h before nursing - cannabis is stored in fat and slowly released through breastmilk
38
infant vitamin K requirements
- intestinal flora not established, can't produce endogenously - vitamin K shot is given at birth to dec bleeding risk
39
infant vitamin D requirements
- supports bone mineraliztion - 400IU supplement for BF babies - formulas often have vitamin D included
40
infant iron requirements
- very few infants with iron deficiency anemia, but can lead to developmental delay, heart failure, cerebral thrombosis - stores run out at 6M - babies require complementary (iron-rich) foods starting at 6M
41
childhood allergies
emerging evidence that early food introduction (4-6M) can decrease risk of food allergies, although no honey until 1Y and no cow's milk until 9M
42
infant feeding practices
- offer several meals and snacks (2-3 meals, 1-2 snacks) - appetite varies based on distractions, time of day, breastmilk intake, how they're feeling - iron-rich foods plus veggies, fruit and milk introduced b/w 6-9M - lumpy textures and finger foods no later than 9M
43
toddler feeding practices
- grows 10-12cm and 2kg/Y - between 1000-1400 calories - toddlers decide how much they'll eat, whether or not they'll eat - parents decide what is offered, when it's offered and where they will eat
44
toddler nutrient requirements
- fat is 30-40% of calories - may change to reduced aft milk at 2Y - 19g/d of fibre
45
infant micronutrient requirements
- potential for iron deficiency which can have behavioural and cognitive consequences - diets too high in milk can displace iron, vitamin C can inc absorption - other micronutrients are provided in sufficient amounts in the diet
46
toddler fluid intake
limits fruit juice, 2-3 cups a day of cows milk, plant-based milks are often too low in protein (not soy though)
47
preschooler growth/nutritional requirements
- 7.5-10cm and 2kg/Y - fat is 25-35% of calories - 19g/d of fibre (3Y), 25g/d of fibre (4-8Y)
48
AMDR ranges
carbs: 45-65% protein: 10-35% fat: 20-35% *for 19+, tendency for low carb intake and excessive fat/calorie intake
49
sodium intake
- UL is 2300mg/d but canadians consume on average 2760mg/d - males consume more salt than females - main sources are baked goods, mixed dishes, processed meats
50
adolescence nutrient requirements
- females grow 5-25cm - males grow 10-30cm - calories requirements range from 1600-3000 kcal per day - fat is 25-35% of diet - protein is 10-30% of diet - females need 26g/d of fibre and males need 38g/d of fibre
51
specific micronutrient needs during adolescence
- inc iron needs for building muscle mass and menstruation - inc calcium needs (1300mg/d) due to peak bone mass devlopment
52
overweight in adolescence
- predicts obesity in adulthood - risk factor for CVD, T2D, HT, asthma/sleep apnea, osteoarthritis, fatty liver and gallbladder disease, some cancers
53
factors predicting adolescent obesity
- biological: overweight parents, excessive gestational WG, LBW, not being breastfed - eating environment: skipping breakfast, not eating family meals, fast food intake, eating while watching TV - food insecurity - inadequate PA

NURS 2550 final (4 decks)

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