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Year 2 clinical pathology > Week 10 Intro to haematology > Flashcards

Week 10 Intro to haematology Flashcards

1
Q

Define haematology?

A

Biology and pathology of the cells that normally circulate in the blood

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2
Q

What is Haemopoiesis?

A

The physiological developmental process that gives rise to the cellular components of blood

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3
Q

What can single multipotent haemopoietic stem cell differentiate into?

A

They can divide and differentiate to form different cell lineages that will populate the blood

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4
Q

What is the characteristic of haemopoietic Stem Cell?

A

Differentiation potential for all lineages
High proliferative potential
Long term activity throughout the lifespan of the individual
Self renewal

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5
Q

What is Symmetric

self-renewal?

A

Increase stem cell pool – NO generation of differentiated progeny

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6
Q

What is asymmetric self renewal?

A

Maintain stem cell
pool – generation
of differentiated
progeny

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7
Q

What is Lack of

self-renewal?

A

Deplete stem cell pool – generation of ONLY differentiated progeny

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8
Q

What is lack of sell renewal?

A

Maintain stem cell pool – NO differentiated progeny

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9
Q

What is the life span of RBC?

A

120 days

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10
Q

Give example of myeloids?

A

Granulocytes (White blood cells)
Erythrocytes (Red blood cells)
Platelets

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11
Q

Give examples of lymphoids?

A

B-Lymphocytes (White blood cells)

T-lymphocytes (White blood cells)

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12
Q

What stage does haemopoiesis start?

A

Haemopoiesis starts at day 27 in the aorta gonad mesonephros region,
expands rapidly at day 35, then disappear at day 40

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13
Q

What does the disappearance at day 40 of haemopoiesis correlate with?

A

This “disappearance” correlates with the migration of these hematopoietic stem cells to the foetal liver, which becomes the subsequent site of haemopoiesis.

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14
Q

What is the function of blood cell?

A

Oxygen transport
Coagulation
Immune response to infection
Immune response to abnormal cells (senescent, malignant etc)

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15
Q

What is polycythaemia, anaemia and Relative polycythaemia

A

Reduced red cells = anaemia
Raised red cells = polycythaemia

Relative polycythaemia, when plasma volume is reduced > dehydrated

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16
Q

What is the structure of RBC?

A

bi- concave discs

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17
Q

Give 3 examples of granulocytes?

A

Have cytoplasmic granules
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

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18
Q

What is the most common white cell in adult blood?

A

Neutrophils

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19
Q

When do you see increased number of neutrophils?

A

Increased numbers in presence of infection - neutrophilia

e. g. bacterial infection
e. g. inflammation
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20
Q

When do you see decreased numbers of neutrophils (neutropenia)?

A

e.g. side effect of a drug
Chemotherapy or a variety of drugs as a side effect
Also SLE autoimmune disease that causes neutropenia

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21
Q

How long do neutrophils live for?

A

Only for a few hours 6-8

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22
Q

When do you see increased number of eosinophilias?

A

e. g Parasitic infection

e. g. Allergies

23
Q

What condition do you see increased number of basophils?

A

Rare

Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia

24
Q

What are monocytes?

A

Phagocytic & antigen-presenting cells

25
Q

When do you see increase number of monocytes?

A

TB

26
Q

What are Natural killer cells?

A

large granular lymphocytes

Recognise “non-self”
Cells, viruses

27
Q

What is the action of B lymphocytes?

A

Adaptive immune system

Rearrange the immunoglobulin genes to enable antigen specific antibody production

Provide specific immunoglobins when under a threat

Formed because the specific immunoglobin gene is re ordered so they can be produced by plasma cells

28
Q

What is the action of T cells?

A 
rearrange the T-cell antigen receptor
cell-mediated immunity
target specific cytotoxicity
Interact with B cells, macrophages
Regulate immune responses
29
Q

What is lymphocytosis?

A

Increase number of lymphocytes

30
Q

What can cause lymhocytosis?

A

Atypical lymphocytes of glandular fever (infectious mononucleosis)

Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia

31
Q

What is a cause of lymphopenia (reduce numbers)?

A

Post bone marrow transplant

32
Q

What can cause plasmacytosis?

A

Infection

Myeloma

33
Q

What are plateleets dervived from?

A

Platelets are derived from bone marrow megakaryocytes

Megakaryocytes fragment to form the platelets

34
Q

What is the action of platelets?

A

Together with soluble plasma clotting factors and endothelial cells form part of the blood clotting system

Aggregate to plug holes in damaged blood vessels

35
Q

What are diagnostic tests for haemotology?

A

Full Blood Count
Blood Film (or “smear”)
Coagulation Screen

36
Q

What is tested in full blood count?

A

Haemoglobin concentration

Red cell parameters
MCV (mean cell volume)
MCH (mean cell Hb)

White Cell Count (WCC)
Platelet Count

37
Q

What is Coagulation Screen?

A

Tests measure the time taken for a clot to form when plasma is mixed with specified reagents

38
Q

What parts of the coagulation cascaed can be assayed in coagulation screen?

A

Prothrombin Time
Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time
Thrombin Time

39
Q

From where is bone marrow taken from?

A

Under local anaesthetic, liquid marrow is aspirated from the
posterior iliac crest of the pelvis

40
Q

What are the 3 key factors to collecting a blood specimen?

A

appropriate sample from the patient

collected into EDTA anticoagulated blood

Samples should get to the lab promptly since EDTA artefact can affect the results.

41
Q

What is the reference range used when doing tests?

A

the set of values for a given test that incorporates 95% of the normal population

42
Q

What is sensitivity?

A

defined as the proportion of abnormal results correctly classified by the test

expresses the ability to detect a true abnormality

43
Q

What is the formula of sensitivity?

A

TP / (TP+FN)

44
Q

What is specificity?

A

Defined as the proportion of normal results correctly classified by the test

Expresses the ability to exclude an abnormal result in a healthy person

45
Q

What is the formula of specificity?

A

TN/ (TN+FP)

46
Q

When would it be normal to have a abnormal lymphocyte count?

A

post-splenectomy mild lymphocytosis

3 months post-bone marrow transplant lymphopenia

47
Q

Give 5 examples of microcytic hypochromic?

A 
Iron deficiency
Thalassaemia
Anaemia of chronic disease 
Lead poisonng
Sideroblastic anaemia
48
Q

What is the mean cell volume and mean cell HB of microcytic hypochromic?

A

MCV

49
Q

What is the classification of normocytic normochromic?

A

MCV 80-95 fl & MCH ≥ 27 pg

50
Q

GIve example of normocytic normochromic?

A 
Many haemolytic anaemias
Anaemia of chronic disease (some cases)
After acute blood loss
Renal disease
Mixed deficiencies
Bone marrow failure
51
Q

What is the calssifciation of macrocytic?

A

MCV >95 fl

52
Q

Give example of Macrocytic?

A

Megaloblastic: Vitamin B12 or folate deficiency

Non-megaloblastic: alcohol, liver disease, myelodysplasia, aplastic anaemia etc

53
Q

What is megloblastic anemia?

A

Megaloblastic anemia is the results from inhibition of DNA synthesis during red blood cell production

Year 2 clinical pathology (21 decks)

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