Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Semester 2 Anatomy > Week 10 Histology > Flashcards

Week 10 Histology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the structures present in a typical neuron?

A 
Dendrites
Cell Body
Axon
Synapse
Synaptic Bouton
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What structures are present in a typical neuron cell body?

A 
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum/Nissl Substance
Mitochondria
Golgi
Lysosomes
Nucleus and Nucleolus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the purpose of the nucleolus?

A

Creates rRNA

Increases transcriptional activity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the synaptic bouton and what does it do?

A

Terminal end of axon.

Where vesicle transport occurs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the characteristics of a motor neuron?

A

Multipolar
Large neuron cell body.
Large axon
Many dendrites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Give an example of a motor neuron in the CNS.

A

Betz cells in the Cerebral cortex

Anterior Horn of the spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the characteristics of a sensory neuron?

A

Unipolar
1 major process with 2 branches.
One to the CNS and one to the target sensory area.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the characteristics of an Interneuron?

A

Bipolar
Local connections in the CNS.
Basket cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the functions of a neuron?

A

Gather sensory information.
Process information
Provide memory
Generate signals.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Name a specialised type of synapse.

A 
Neuromuscular Junction (NMJ)
Skeletal muscles synapse.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the target of a synapse and what is it involved in?

A

Dendritic Spines

Memory Storage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Name the triangular shaped neurons and where they most commonly occur?

A

Pyramidal cells.

Cerebral Cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the other types of specific neurons in the CNS?

A

Purkinje cells - multipolar - Cerebellum cortex.
Granule cells - multi-processed - Cerebellum and Hippocampus.
Glia - Support cells - Neuropil.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe Motor Neuron Disease, how is it caused and what are some specific types?

A

Progressive disease.
Causing weakness in voluntary muscles due to the death of motor neurons.
Most common is Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis where MN death occurs in the cortex, brainstem and spinal cord.
Bulbar Palsy where MN death occurs in brainstem.
Muscular Atrophy where MN death occurs in the LMN death.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does the CNS consist of?

A

Brain, Spinal Cord and most Nerve Cell Bodies.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What NCB aren’t present in the CNS but are present in the PNS?

A

Peripheral NCB involved with the Dorsal Root Ganglia and NCB in the Autonomic NS involved with sympathetic control in the spinal cord and parasympathetic control in organs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What cells are present in the CNS and what are they involved in?

A

Oligodendrocytes - MYELIN production.
Astrocytes - Form BBB.
Ependyma - Line the CHOROID PLEXUS and produce CSF.
Microglia - Macrophages.

18
Q

Which proteins are present in CNS myelin and what do they do?

A

Proteolipid protein (PLP) - Links exoplasm together.
Myelin Basic protein - Links cytoplasm together.
Myelin Associated Glycoprotein - Binds the surface of oligodendrocytes together.

19
Q

What pathologies are involved in this?

A

PLP - mutations cause degeneration of myelin - Pelizaeus-Merzbacher which causes mental disability.
Spastic Paraparesis - affects the spinal cord myelin.
The gene is on the X chromosome so it is prevalent in males.
MBP - Multiple Sclerosis
MAG - Spastic Paraplegia - affects the lower limbs.

20
Q

What is multiple sclerosis and how is it caused?

A

CNS disease that affects the brain and spinal cord.
Autoimmune disease that affects attacks the CNS myelin.
Causes tremors, spasticity, hyperreflexia and muscle weakness.

21
Q

Describe the tissue preparation process for frozen sections.

A

Harvest brain.
Immerse in 30% sucrose.
Trim brain for easy mounting onto frozen platform.
Slicing using a microtome.
Mount, dehydrate and Nissl Stain for microscopy.
Immunolabelling some slides.

22
Q

What does immersing the tissue in 30% sucrose do?

A

Removes the water to decrease buoyancy and protect the tissue when it is frozen.

23
Q

How is the tissue dehydrated?

A

Soaking in graded ethanol.

24
Q

What are the pros and cons of preparing tissue using frozen sections?

A

Pros - Quick and tissue retains antigenicity.

Cons - Ice crystal damage can occur which decrease resolution.

25
Q

Describe the process of paraffin embedding.

A 
Fixation using formalin.
Dehydration through ethanol graded solutions.
Add organic solvent.
Add paraffin wax
Slicing and mounting to view sections.
26
Q

What does formalin do to the tissue?

A

Preserves the tissue through cross-linking or precipitating proteins to prevent tissue degeneration.

27
Q

What does the organic solvent do to the tissue?

A

Allows the ethanol and paraffin wax to mix.

Acts as an emulsier.

28
Q

What is the benefit of using paraffin wax?

A

Physically supports the tissue to prevent deformation of organelles.

29
Q

What are the pros and cons of paraffin wax tissue preparation?

A

Pros - Cheap, simple and automatic.

Cons - Inability to cut thin sections.

30
Q

How does myelin appear in an electron micrograph?

A

Dark area surrounding the axon.

31
Q

What does H&E staining on its own show?

A

Nuclei present in blue.

Cytoplasm present in pink.

32
Q

What are the benefits of H&E staining?

A

Cheap.
Simple.
Reliable.
Informative.

33
Q

What does adding OT to H&E staining do? (transverse and longitudinal sections).

A

Fixes the myelin so it appears black/brown.

Nodes of Ranvier also appear in longitudinal sections.

34
Q

What does silver staining do?

A

Fixes cytoskeletal elements that appear golden brown. The nucleolus appears black with the paler nucleus surrounding it.

35
Q

What does Nissl staining do?

A

Stains the nissl substance/RER which appears darker in the section.

36
Q

What does the PNS consist of?

A

Axons between the CNS and target tissue.

37
Q

Which cells are present in the PNS and what do they do?

A

Satellite - support cells.
Schwann - produce myelin.
Nissl substance in the few nerve cell bodies that are present in the PNS.

38
Q

Which proteins are involved in myelin formation in the PNS?

A

Myelin Protein 0 (P0) - form the major dense line.

PMP22 - formation and maintenance.

39
Q

What pathologies are associated with proteins that form myelin in the PNS?

A

P0 - Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease = weakness in hands/feet.
PMP22 - HMSN1 mutation = weakness and impaired sensation in the periphery.
- Deletion of the gene = hereditary neuropathy and pressure palsy = states of numbness .

40
Q

What causes ‘onion bulb formations’ and what pathology are they present in?

A

Demyelination and remyelination of axons.

Present in HMSN1 -mutations in PMP22.

41
Q

What does solochrome cyanin do?

A

Stain used in paraffin sections.

Stains myelin blue.

Semester 2 Anatomy (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions