week 10- Final Neuroscience of Behavior Flashcards
1
Q
What is the outcome of learning
A
memory
2
Q
What are the four types of memory
A
Sensory memory, short term memory, working memory, long term memory
3
Q
What are the three processing stages of memory
A
1: Encoding
a. acquisition
b. consolidation
2. Storage
3. Retrieval
4
Q
What parts of the brain are involved with memory?
A
Many, The key ones are the
- Hippocampus-interconnected with many structures
- Amygdala
5
Q
What is the loss of memory after a lesion?
A
anterograde/amnesia
6
Q
What is the loss of memory of events that occur before a lesion?
A
retrograde
7
Q
What case highlighted that memory is separate from perception and intellect?
A
- The Famous case of H.M.,
- we can still learn new motor, procedural and perceptual skills(perception and intellect intact) but can ‘t remember how(memory impaired)
8
Q
What happened in the case of H.M.?
A
- loss medial temporal lobe and bilateral hippocampus
- He retained normal short-term and working memory and procedural memory but could not acquire long term memories
9
Q
Sensory memory, echoic memory, iconic memory are all examples of ?
A
- Short-term memory
- lasts seconds to minutes
10
Q
What do these stages describe? 1. sensory memory, 2. attentional resources move to short term storage
3. if rehearsed goest to long term memory
A
Short term memory modal model
11
Q
What is working memory?
A
the ability to retain information over short term(maintenance) and perform mental operations of stored
12
Q
Who proposed the phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad and central executive?
A
Bradley and Hitch
13
Q
What are aspects of long term memory?
A
DES/NP
- Declarative memory
- Episodic memory
- Semantic memory
- Nondeclarative memory
- Procedural memory(motor skills, walking, talking, riding bike)
14
Q
What is the difference between declarative and non declarative memory
A
-Declarative memory is explicit, memory we have conscious access to
consists of episodic(personal experience and semantic(facts)
-Nondeclarative memory is implicit, can’t be declared
consist of priming, habituation, sensitization, procedural memory, learning motor, cognitive skill
15
Q
What does Damasio say an emotion is?
A
action programs largely triggered by external stimuli
examples include disgust, fear, anger sadness, exploration and play, care of progeny and and attachment to mates
16
Q
What are some the complex interconnected network neural systems involved in emotion?
A
- ANS ( all organ systems, hypothalamus, pituitary, hormones)
- Limbic system( orbitofrontal cortex and amygdala
- higher order sensory cortex
- amygdala
- insula
- mPFC (orbitofrontal cortex, ventral striatum, acc)
17
Q
What some basic emotions?
A
anger, fear, disgust, sadness, surprise, happiness, pride and shame,
18
Q
What are complex emotions?
A
- love jealousy,
- involves complex goal directed emotions
19
Q
What are the 2 factors that make up complex emotions?
A
valence and arousal positive valence (approach) negative valence (withdrawal)
20
Q
What is the Cannon-Bard Theory?
A
- bear-thalamus-cortex/fear and hypothalamus/emotional reaction/fight or flight
- you feel the fear and then you run
21
Q
what is appraisal theory?
A
I’m out in the wilderness, and I’m not afraid of bears cause I’ve seen them before
-emotional processing is an interpretive act
22
Q
What is the James Lange theory
A
- opposite of cannon bard
- bear-run-feel fear
23
Q
What is the Singer-Schacter theory?
A
- when ever something happens, we have to put causative agent to it
- study: those unaware they had been injected with adrenaline attribute feelings to the environment
24
Q
Do facial expressions vary culture to culture?
A
Ekman found that it did not
25
name Universal basic emotions
Anger, fear, disgust, sadness, surprise, happiness, shame
| -innate universal short lived
26
What is constructivist theory?
cognition emerges from cognition molded by culture
27
What are the three components of emotions
- physiological response
- behavioral response
- subjective feeling
28
What is the most connected structure of forebrain
amygdala
29
What is critical for fear based learning?
amygdala
30
What modulates arousal in relation to memory and enhances retention and modulates hipppocampal consolidation
amygdala
31
Who recognized that emotions were critical to decision making
Damasio
32
What did the Devised Iowa Gambling Task Find?
- damaged brains, can't recognize emotions, its focused on high payouts without looking at the risks
- physiological is needed to guide the feedback
- inability to asses and make good decisions
33
If S.M can't recognize fear then where is the damage in the brain?
amygdala
34
What is the key to recognizing fear if one can't recognize fear in a face?
eye contact
35
What is active in categorization of people into groups/ racial stereotyping?
amygdala
36
Is emotional regulation better in those with R frontal lobe or L frontal lobe?
L frontal lobe
37
Does suppression and reappraisal of emotion expression boost or diminish SNS activity
boosts
38
What is the heartiest way to deal with negative emotions
reappraise, refrain it
- not express or repress
- ranting and raving will do no good, BP will just raise up, will/James, bumps up the actual emotion
- ex: consuming a friend who was dumped>>reframe, give perspective, be more objective
- emotion study's heuristic is wrong
39
If one thinks a situation will get better will the amygdala activity increase or be down regulated?
down regulated
40
What is key to the appraisal and modulation process of emotions?
PFC and ACC
41
What is the key to experience emotion?
insula, involved in modulation of emotion
| -
42
What does insula do?
- active when experiencing emotions both at physical and emotional level
- its the junction for the integration of cognitive and emotional information
43
What is central to life according to Damasio
-maintain homeostasis
44
What's Damask's theory with feelings and evolution?
- feelings developed to respond to homeostatic imbalances, provide additional level behavior regulation
45
What's Damask's theory with feelings and evolution?
- feelings developed to respond to homeostatic imbalances, provide additional level behavior regulation
46
What are the mechanisms of Damask's theory of feelings and evolution?
- feelings arise from older regions of the brain
| - rooted in events in single cells, unmyelinated axons conveying humoral and visceral information
47
What are Damask's two main types of action programs?
- Drives: instinctual needs
| - Emotion: triggered by exteroceptive stimuli
48
What is the most prominent interoceptive pathway in the brainstem?
- lamina 1 spinothalamocortical pathway
| - vagus nerve
49
What is the most prominent interoceptive pathway in the brainstem?
- lamina 1 spinothalamocortical pathway
| - vagus nerve
50
What leads to locked-in syndrome?
-damage to upper half of brainstem
51
Is the insult required in processing of feelings?
- no
- but engaged in processing feelings
- key role in modulation of body states
52
What structure constitutes half of the frontal lobes in humans
the prefrontal cortex
53
lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC), frontal polar
region (FP), orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and medial frontal
cortex (MFC) are part of what structure?
the prefrontal cortex
54
What is the impact of Frontal lobe damage
Discussion of perseveration, apathy, and
impulsivity as common problems. Poor planning,
decision making, lack of consideration of
consequences, poor self organization and social
awareness
55
What is an example of Habit defined as an action no longer under the
control of a reward?
- Brushing your teeth because it feels good
- eating junk food
- smoking
56
What is the anterior -posterior gradient?
anterior- problem solving
| the more ancient structures are in the back
57
What is the key nt for rewards?
Dopamine
58
Is the Sugar high a true phenomenon?
No, sugar does not cause hyperactivity. When we eat sugary foods, large amounts of dopamine are released, creating this "sugar high".
59
What's a better way to describe multitasking?
Multitasking is really just rapid switching: How does
this make sense given the most basic truism
regarding attention?
60
What does the PFC do in rapid switching?
- modulate sound
| - modulate visual processing
61
What is activated to inhibit long term memory?
PFC
62
What are the key elements of authentic happiness?
1 positive emotion
2. engagement
3. meaning
4. accomplishment
5. positive relationships
63
what are the success rates of antidepressants/CBT vs. placebo?
65% to 55%
64
What is the theory behavioral geneticists have about our moods?
1. 50% genetic set point
2. 10% circumstance
3. 40%what you think and do
65
What are some evidence based interventions of positive psychology?
- gratitude journaling
- 5 acts of kindness
- 3 good things exercise
- signature strengths inventory: what are the things i do well
- ones that did the best were the strengths group and the 3 good things group
66
What is Pennebakbr's theory
- we need to vent, and make sense about a problem
- studied 3 groups, one group wrote about current life, second group wrote about stressful event, third group wrote about past and 1/3 reported sexual trauma
- when third group did this intervention they had 50% drop in doctor visits, BP/HR dropped below previous norms
67
Describe the 4 day writing program
1. write about an emotional upheaval
2. past
3. how impact now
4. how does this tie together
68
What is the Losada ratio? Tipping point
- concept in positive psychology positing an exact ratio of positive to negative emotions which distinguishes "flourishing" people from "languishing" people.
- individuals and business 3:1
- marriages 5:1
- average 2:1
69
What makes up the upward spiral?
positive experiences leads to broadened cognition leads to positive coping strategies to social openness and reciprocity
70
What makes up a downward spiral?
Loss leads to sadness leads to rumination leads to withdrawal leads to isolation leads to depression
71
T or F
| Larger L PFC is more emotionally resilient than R PFC
True
72
"Undo Effect"
positive emotions speeds up cardiovascular adaptation
73
What is mindfulness meditation
a form of broadened cognition that may trigger positive emotions
- meaning-based coping
- disengaging and withdrawing from initial appraisal
- increases L PFC
74
What is Loving Kindness Meditation?
- training one's emotions toward warm and tender feelings in an open-hearted way focusing feelings first on oneself and then to a widening circle of others
- increases activity in ACC and OFC
- reduces agner, guilt, shame PTSD
75
Who is the father of positive psychology
Seligman
76
What is PERMA
- related to positive psychology
| - positive emotion, engagement, relationships, meaning and accomplishment
77
Describe the 4 fitness modules
1. emotional fitness
2. family fitness
3. social fitness
4. spiritual fitness
78
What are the four types of responding?
I just got a promotion
1. active and constructive: that's great, tell me about it, ask questions this is the only relationship building one
2. passive and constructive: that''s nice
3. active and destructive: well does that mean you're going to come home later
4. passive and destructive: ignore
79
How doesVT(vagal tone) relate to positive emotions?
- high vt have cognitive flexibility, working memory, directed attention
- those with higher VT show increased connectedness and positive emotions
- leads to higher VT
- upward spiral
80
Alzheimer's show decrease in
Hippocampus
81
brain structure that modulates arousal in relation to memory
amygdala
82
damage to orbital prefrontal cortex leads to
inability to assess decisions
83
What does procedural memory consist of?
- basal ganglia(key)
- cerebellum
- amygdala
- neocortex
84
What causes transient global amnesia?
- transient ischemia causes
- spans from weeks to years
- patient ask continually Why am I here
85
What deteriorates rapidly in those with AD?
Hippocampus
86
What deteriorates rapidly in those with AD?
Hippocampus
87
What is key to emotional memory?
amygdala
88
What is the hippocampus involved with?
- encoding
| - retrieving
89
What is the parahippocampal cortex and perirhinal cortex involved in?
- stores contextual info
| - stores specific items
90
What are the functions of the L frontal cortex and the R frontal cortex in in relational memory?
- L frontal cortex: encoding
| - R frontal cortex retrieval
91
Damage to regions of the temporal lobe outside the hippocampus produces?
- dense retrograde amnesia
| - new memories can still be formed
92
What does standard consolidation theory describe?
- memory consolidation
- medial temporal lobe, neocortex and bound information get transferred and replaced by permanent memory trace in neocortex
93
How are memories stored throughout the neocortex?
-distributed representations
94
What is the concept of place cells?
- relates to sleep and memory
| - neurons replay learned tasks during sleep
95
What did Baddeley pioneer?
-multi component approach to working memory. (M-WM)
96
What are the initial assumptions of the M-WM
| that proved to be wrong?
1. holding things in STM guaranteed transfer to LTM
2. STM was essential to LTM
3. Poor STM=Poor cognition
97
What is the central executive?
-virtual homunculus
98
what are the primary functions of the virtual homunculus?
1. focus attention
2. capacity to divide attention between 2 important stimulus dreams
3. must switch between tasks
4. must have capacity to interface with LTM
99
What is the phonologic loop?
- storage of verbal information by vocal or subvocal rehearsal
- people can retain as many words as they can articulate in 2 seconds
100
Can STM be interrupted by nonsense words and syllabus and fluctuating tones?
yes
101
What is the episodic buffer?
- acts as backup store which communicates with both long term memory and the components of working memory
- links WM to perception and LTM
- depends on CE
- limited to 4 objects though little difference between bound and unbound items
102
What are assumptions of the M-WM model
1. Limited capacity that allows for temporary storage
| 2. executive component and 2 separate storage systems.
103
What are the components of an emotion?
- physiological response
- behavioral response
- feeling
104
What's the difference between basic and complex emotions?
- basic: unique characteristics that have evolved and are reflected try facial expressions
- complex: combinations of basic ones, socially/culturally learned, long lasting effects
105
What did Ekman discover about facial expressions in the 60s?
-They don't vary much from culture to culture
106
What's the difference between basic and complex emotions?
- basic: unique characteristics that have evolved and are reflected try facial expressions
- complex: combinations of basic ones, socially/culturally learned, long lasting effects
107
Complex emotional reactions are characterized by what two factors?
- valence
| - arousal
108
What is the difference between valence and arousal?
- Valence codes emotional events as positive or negative.
| - arousal measures how calming or exciting the information is.
109
Complex emotional reactions are characterized by what two factors?
- valence
| - arousal
110
When do episodic and semantic memory develop?
- Episodic memory develops at 13 months
| - semantic memory at 18 months
111
What do ledoux's high road and low road suggest about emotions?
- low road: thalamus to amygdala
- high road: thalamus-neocortex-amygdala
- don't reach the same conclusions
- low road can think a thin rope is a dangerous snake-(triggering fear response) while high road determines it is harmless
- emotional réponse system is separate from conscious feeling of emotion
112
What does the OrbFC determine?
- uses somatic markers, physiological arousal to assess rewards
- damage to OrbFC results in the inability to respond to changing patterns of reward and punishment
113
What are the 3 types of emotion influence decision making
1. current emotional state
2anticipatory emotions prior to decision
3. emotion you expect to feel after you've made decision
114
Emotional reappraisal increases what brain structure activity?
-PCC/ACC
115
What are the six dimensions of emotional style
1. Resilience
2. Outlook
3. Social intuition
4. Self-awareness
5. sensitivity to context
6. attention
116
What is associated with risk aversion and perception of positive emotions?
Insula
117
The amygdala is critical for arousal related to negative/fearful stimuli but not positive stimuli
T/F
T
118
Feelings arise from older regions of the brain
| T/F
T
119
Are feelings or emotions more relevant to depression, drug addition or pain
-feelings
120
What are the two main types of action programs that facilitate homeostasis
- Drives
| - Emotions
121
A client has damage to the posterior half of the brainstem?
- Coma
- vegetative state
- feelings and sentience abolished
122
What neural substrates are involved in feelings?
- amygdala
- ventral striatum
- basal ganglia
123
What is interception?
-sense that continuously monitors the internal milieu and provides CNS real-time information on the state of the body
124
What contributes to interception?
the brainstem (lamina1 spinothalamocortical pathway and vagus nerve)
125
What is the impact of Frontal lobe Damage?
poor planning, decision making, lack of consideration of consequences, poor self-organization, social awareness
126
What is essential for the introduction of feelings into the flow of cognitive processes and thus facilitate the crosstalk between cognition and feeling?
the insula
127
Studies show that non-human animals have emotions as well, how is it that we are different from animals?
- complex cerebral cortex
| - contributes to more enriched and refined feeling states than those found in species with simpler nervous systems
128
Interoceptive pathways have low levels of myelination
| T/F
T
| -vagus nerve is predominately devoid of myelin
129
Why are interoceptive pathways very low in myelination?
- myelinationn is metabolically expensive
- conduction speed unnecessary in emotion vs pain
- myelin has pleiotropic effects
130
Is the PFC needed for working memory but not associative memory?
T
131
What brain structure is the key to Goal Planning?
PFC
132
What brain structures are engaged when response conflict is high? like troop test
- MFC
| - lesser extent ACC
133
Which assessment is superior in detecting vascular cognitive impairment after the acute stroke? MOCA or MMSE
- MoCA is superior to MMSE
- The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, used to evaluate cognitive abilities, can better discern some deficits than the Mini-Mental State Exam.
134
What is mind blindness?
- impaired capacity to reason about another person's mental state
- theory in autism spectrum disorders?
135
What is self-reference effect? and what brain structure is activated?
- we remember information better if processed in relation to ourselves
- mPFC
136
Is the mPFC activity/consumption highest?
- most active when tasks direct our attention away from external stimuli and we are inwardly focused
- when we are engaged in self-reflective thought and judgement assessments that depend of social and emotional content
- deactivated when performing active tasks like learning a new skill
137
OFC damage leads to what?
inappropriate behaviors
138
What brain structure is key to simulation theory?
- MPFC
| - we use the perception of ourselves to perceive others
139
What is the difference between sympathy and empathy?
To sum up the differences between the most commonly used meanings of these two terms: sympathy is feeling compassion, sorrow, or pity for the hardships that another person encounters, while empathy is putting yourself in the shoes of another.
140
What happened in the case of Phones Gage?
- damage to orbitofrontal cortex
| - despite intact speech, language, memory, problem solving, unable to function because of a lack of emotional control
141
PFC, OFC,mPFC ACC, ANS, HPA, endocrine system, temporal lobes, amygdala, STS, TPJ and mirror neurons are anatomical substrates for what?
-Social cognition
142
mPFC, precuneus, TPJ, medial temporal lobe, lat. parietal cortex and the PCC are part of what?
The default network
143
Is the default network activated in autistic individuals?
- the default network in autistic individuals shows no change in activation between rest an doing an active task
- it isn't deactivated when engaged in the task like normal people
- low metabolic rates in MPFC
144
The default network is there to ensure that we always have some idea of what is going on around us. This is the _____ hypothesis.
Sentinel
145
What brain structure focuses on positive information about the self?
The ACC
146
What brain structure is activated when looking into the future?
The VMPFC
147
What age does TOM develop?
4
148
In simulation theory, a person uses self-perception to aid in the perception of others. What brain structure is crucial in simulation theory?
MPFC
149
Those with higher empathy scores show greater activation in _____ and _____
insula and ACC
150
____ is key to difference between feelings of self vs. other.
the ACC
151
____ is theorized to result from abnormal function in areas associated with person perception; MPFC, amygdala, FFA, STS, insula, TPJ
Autism
152
What percentage of Autistic individuals are adept in non-social visuospatial domains?
-10% have one skill at savant level
153
What is the key to understanding social interaction( learning and applying social knowledge)?
the OFC
154
the OFC is a part of the VMPFC. T/F
T
155
Prosocial acts that are intrinsically rewarding activate what brain structure?
the OFC
156
What are the 2 key elements of social networks?
1. human beings
| 2. connections between them
157
What are the ways social networks are shaped?
1. How many people we connect to
2. how interconnected are our friends and family
3. How central are we?
158
Social contagion theory found that ties within __ degrees of separation can have an social influence?
3
- friends
- friend's friend
- Friends' friends' friends!
159
What are possible confounders to Social Contagion theory?
1. Homophily
2 Contemporaneous exposures
3. subjects can be influenced by other contacts
160
In social contagion theory, is geographical/physical distance a factor in obesity?
-no, social distance is the key, not physical distance
161
Does having obese same sex friends or obese opposite sex friends increase your chance for obesity? (according to Social contagion theory)
-same sex increases 71%
162
What is Descarte's dualism describe?
- the idea that the mind and brain are separate and distinct
| - consciousness is beyond science
163
Materialism
-mind and body are physical and can be understood by science
164
What is sentience
- capacity to feel, perceive, experience subjectively
| - first person viewpoint
165
The internal subjective component of sense perceptions
Qualia
166
Scaffolding to storage describes what?
- how we use conscious process in developing skills
- once we learn we don't use conscious processes
- unconsciousness takes over becomes automatic; i.e. system 1 (automatic)and system 2(mindful)
- chess master and his intuition
167
What brain structures are critical in error correction?
-ACC and mPFC
168
What theory argues that awareness of an event is delayed 500 ms from the onset of stimulation? in sports 300 ms
Backwards referential
