Week 10 Flashcards
What causes ‘quality’ in qualitative research?
Validity
Reliability
Trustworthiness -
- dependability
- confirmability
- credibility
- transferability
Types of interview ?
Individual-group
Structured/semi-structured/
unstructured
Open questions/closed
questions
Styles of interview?
Biographical, Clinical,
Ethnographical
Methods of interviews?
face-to-face,
telephone, computer-assisted
+ of interviews?
Extensive personalisation / interaction
Extensive opportunities to ask Qs
Possible to ‘probe’
Good ‘rate of return’
Flexible
– of interviews?
Labour intensive (& costly)
Not extensive
Subjectivities in interpretation & analysis
Limited reliability
Memory decay
What to avoid in interviews?
Double questions
Long, complex questions
Technical terms/jargon
Leading/biased questions
Ambiguous questions
Invasion of privacy
Traits of good interviewer ?
Good listener
Straightforward, calm, clear questions
Be sensitive to non verbal communication
Eliminate cues to cause similar responses
Enjoy/don’t look bored
Stages of Qualitative Analysis?
Data reduction - coding, discarding irrelevant data
Data display - draw conclusions from mass data
Conclusion drawing / verifications validity - examined through reference to notes and discussions
Ways of analysing Qualitative data?
Ethnographic analysis
Structured analysis
Content analysis
Axial coding and constant comparison
Inductive and deductive analytical procedures
Post-structuralism approach
Feminist approach
‘Data’ Structure?
Words
Phrases
Paragraphs
Connections
Patterns
Sequences
What is data coding?
First stage of providing some form of logical structure to the data by organising raw data into categories
What are codes used for in data?
Codes are labels/tags assigned to segments of data to identify them and categorize meaningful information in a study.
Stages of data coding?
Carefully read - statements related to question are identified and assigned a code/category
Reread of transcripts - search for statements to fit into categories
Develop further codes = axial coding
More analytical - look for patterns and explanations
Components of subjective well being? Examples
Material
Social
Mental
E.g - cognitive function, social life, family, contribution
Developmental
Physical
E.g personal development, independence, health, fitness
Phenomenology?
Phenomenology in qualitative research explores and describes people’s lived experiences to understand how they perceive and make sense of a phenomenon, focusing on their personal meanings and context.
Ethnography?
Ethnography is a qualitative research method that studies cultures and social groups by observing and interacting with people in their natural environment to understand their behaviors, beliefs, and practices.
Grounded Theory?
Grounded Theory is a qualitative research method that generates theories directly from data through an iterative process of data collection and analysis. It aims to identify patterns, relationships, and categories to develop a theory that explains the studied phenomenon, grounded in the data rather than testing pre-existing theories.
Difference between Grounded Theory, Ethnography, and Phenomenology in qualitative data?
GT = Develops theory to explain processes using data-driven coding and sampling, of analysed data
E = Studies cultures and social groups in natural settings through fieldwork, observations, and interviews to understand practices, beliefs, and behaviors.
P = Explores lived experiences and meanings through in-depth interviews, focusing on individuals’ perspectives.
Data Trustworthiness?
Confirmability (objectivity): Link with raw data
themes-list of emerged themes
Dependability (reliability): Triangulation of transcripts and themes
Credibility (internal validity): Pilot study, member
checking
Transferability (external validity): Demographic
characteristics, specific settings
In qualitative research, what is a focus group?
A group of participants discussing a topic, aimed at gathering their opinions, experiences, and insights on a specific topic or issue
What is “triangulation” in qualitative research?
Using multiple methods, data sources, theories, or researchers to validate findings and enhance credibility, providing a more in depth understanding of the studied phenomenon.
