Week 10

Question 1

What causes ‘quality’ in qualitative research?

Answer 1

Validity
Reliability
Trustworthiness -
- dependability
- confirmability
- credibility
- transferability

Question 2

Types of interview ?

Answer 2

Individual-group

Structured/semi-structured/
unstructured

Open questions/closed
questions

Question 3

Styles of interview?

Answer 3

Biographical, Clinical,
Ethnographical

Question 4

Methods of interviews?

Answer 4

face-to-face,
telephone, computer-assisted

Question 5

+ of interviews?

Answer 5

Extensive personalisation / interaction

Extensive opportunities to ask Qs

Possible to ‘probe’

Good ‘rate of return’

Flexible

Question 6

– of interviews?

Answer 6

Labour intensive (& costly)

Not extensive

Subjectivities in interpretation & analysis

Limited reliability

Memory decay

Question 7

What to avoid in interviews?

Answer 7

Double questions

Long, complex questions

Technical terms/jargon

Leading/biased questions

Ambiguous questions

Invasion of privacy

Question 8

Traits of good interviewer ?

Answer 8

Good listener

Straightforward, calm, clear questions

Be sensitive to non verbal communication

Eliminate cues to cause similar responses

Enjoy/don’t look bored

Question 9

Stages of Qualitative Analysis?

Answer 9

Data reduction - coding, discarding irrelevant data

Data display - draw conclusions from mass data

Conclusion drawing / verifications validity - examined through reference to notes and discussions

Question 10

Ways of analysing Qualitative data?

Answer 10

Ethnographic analysis

Structured analysis

Content analysis

Axial coding and constant comparison

Inductive and deductive analytical procedures

Post-structuralism approach

Feminist approach

Question 11

‘Data’ Structure?

Answer 11

Words
Phrases
Paragraphs
Connections
Patterns
Sequences

Question 12

What is data coding?

Answer 12

First stage of providing some form of logical structure to the data by organising raw data into categories

Question 13

What are codes used for in data?

Answer 13

Codes are labels/tags assigned to segments of data to identify them and categorize meaningful information in a study.

Question 14

Stages of data coding?

Answer 14

Carefully read - statements related to question are identified and assigned a code/category

Reread of transcripts - search for statements to fit into categories

Develop further codes = axial coding

More analytical - look for patterns and explanations

Question 15

Components of subjective well being? Examples

Answer 15

Material

Social
Mental
E.g - cognitive function, social life, family, contribution

Developmental
Physical
E.g personal development, independence, health, fitness

Question 16

Phenomenology?

Answer 16

Phenomenology in qualitative research explores and describes people’s lived experiences to understand how they perceive and make sense of a phenomenon, focusing on their personal meanings and context.

Question 17

Ethnography?

Answer 17

Ethnography is a qualitative research method that studies cultures and social groups by observing and interacting with people in their natural environment to understand their behaviors, beliefs, and practices.

Question 18

Grounded Theory?

Answer 18

Grounded Theory is a qualitative research method that generates theories directly from data through an iterative process of data collection and analysis. It aims to identify patterns, relationships, and categories to develop a theory that explains the studied phenomenon, grounded in the data rather than testing pre-existing theories.

Question 19

Difference between Grounded Theory, Ethnography, and Phenomenology in qualitative data?

Answer 19

GT = Develops theory to explain processes using data-driven coding and sampling, of analysed data

E = Studies cultures and social groups in natural settings through fieldwork, observations, and interviews to understand practices, beliefs, and behaviors.

P = Explores lived experiences and meanings through in-depth interviews, focusing on individuals’ perspectives.

Question 20

Data Trustworthiness?

Answer 20

Confirmability (objectivity): Link with raw data
themes-list of emerged themes

Dependability (reliability): Triangulation of transcripts and themes

Credibility (internal validity): Pilot study, member
checking

Transferability (external validity): Demographic
characteristics, specific settings

Question 21

In qualitative research, what is a focus group?

Answer 21

A group of participants discussing a topic, aimed at gathering their opinions, experiences, and insights on a specific topic or issue

Question 22

What is “triangulation” in qualitative research?

Answer 22

Using multiple methods, data sources, theories, or researchers to validate findings and enhance credibility, providing a more in depth understanding of the studied phenomenon.