week 10-13 Flashcards
refers to the variety of life on Earth at all its levels, from genes to ecosystems, and can encompass the evolutionary, ecological, and
cultural processes that sustain life
biodiversity
is the source of the essential goods and ecological services that constitute the source of life for all and it has direct consumptive value in food, agriculture, medicine and in industry
biodiversity
Threats to biodiversity
Habitat loss and destruction
Alteration in ecosystem composition
Global climate change
Over exploitation
Pollution and contamination
also means that we are losing, before discovery, many of nature’s chemicals
and genes, of the kind that have already provided humankind with enormous health benefits
biodiversity loss
is the process of using recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology to alter the genetic makeup of an organism.
genetic engineering
was coined by Jack Williamson (1951) author of the science fiction novel Dragon’s Island (Stableford, 2004).
genetic engineering
genetic engineering was coined by _______author of the science
fiction novel Dragon’s Island (Stableford, 2004
Jack Williamson (1951)
Plants Genetic Modification:
simple selection
crossing
interspecies crossing
The easiest method of plant genetic modification
simple selection
occurs when a plant breeder takes pollen from one plant and brushes it onto the pistil of a sexually compatible plant, producing a hybrid that carries genes from both parents.
crossing
can take place through various means. Closely related species, such as cultivated oat
(Avena sativa) and its weedy relative wild oat (Avena fatua), may cross-pollinate for
exchange of genetic information, although this is not generally the case
interspecies crossing
Sometimes human technical intervention is required to complete an interspecies gene
transfer. Some plants will cross-pollinate and the resulting fertilized hybrid embryo
develops but is unable to mature and sprout.
Domestication and Artificial Selection
differ from their ancestors because the use of frozen semen for artificial insemination (AI), along with sire testing and sire selection, has markedly
affected the genetic quality of livestock, especially dairy cattle
- Assisted Reproductive Procedures
possible benefits of genetic engineering
- more nutritious foods
- tastier foods
- less use of pesticide
- faster growing of plants and animals
It is the term used for an organism created through genetic engineering.
genetic modified organism
The Center for Ecogenetics and Environmental Health identified the following roles of GMOs in the food and agricultural industries:
- pest resistance
- virus resistance
- herbicide tolerance
- fortification
- cosmetic preservation
- increase growth rate
Mapping of human genes to provide framework for research and studies in the field of medicine
Human Genome Project (HGP)
The asexual reproduction of an organism using parent cell through genetic
engineering.
Cloning
It is a potential method to either treat or cure genetic related human illnesses.
gene therapy
basic process of gene therapy
- Replacement of mutated gene that cause disease with a healthy copy of the gene
- Inactivation of a mutated gene that is functioning improperly
- Introducing a new gene into the body to help fight a diseases
two types of gene therapy
1) somatic gene therapy
2) germ-line gene therapy
involves the manipulation of genes in the cell that will be helpful to the patient but not inherited to the next generation
somatic gene therapy
involves the genetic modification of germ cells or the origin cells that will pass the change on to the next generation
germline genetic therapy
are the mother cells that have the potential to become any type of cells in the body.
stem cells
Stem Cells in Two Different Sources are
Embryonic cells
somatic stem cells
are derived from a four or five-day old human embryo that is in the blastocyst phase of development
Embryonic cells
are cells that exist throughout the body after embryonic development and are found inside of different types of tissue
Somatic Stem Cells
is the Father of NanoTechnology
Heinrich Rohrer (1933-2013)
It refers to the science, engineering and
technology conducted at the nanoscale,
which is about 1 to 100 nanometers.
nanotechnology
Types of Special Microscopes that can view minute Nano Materials
- Electron microscope
- atomic force microscope
- scanning tunneling microscope
This type of microscope utilizes a particle beam of electrons to light up a specimen and develop a well magnified image
electron microscope
electron microscope was built by
Ernst Ruska and Max Knoll during 1930s
It makes use of a mechanical probe that gathers information from the surface of a material.
atomic force microscope
atomic force microscope was built by
Gerd Binig, Calvin Quate, and Christoph Gerber
A special type of microscope enables scientists to view and manipulate nanoscale particles, atoms and small molecules.
Scanning Tunneling Microscope
It refers to scaled up, reliable and cost-effective manufacturing of nanoscale materials, structures, devices and system.
NanoManufacturing
