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Cell Signal Transduction > Week 10 > Flashcards

Week 10 Flashcards

1
Q

What is immune system?

A

A complex network of cells, tissues, organs, and the substances they make that helps the body fight infections and other diseases

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2
Q

What is the innate immune system?

A

The body’s first line of defense against germs entering the body

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3
Q

What is the function of the adaptive immune system?

A

To destroy invading pathogens and any toxic molecules they produce

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4
Q

What are T cells?

A

A part of the immune system that focuses on specific foreign particles

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5
Q

Where are T-cells developed?

A

A common lymphoid progenitor in the bone marrow that also gives rise to B lymphocytes, but those progeny destined to give rise to T cells leave the bone marrow and migrate to the thymus

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6
Q

Where are B cells located and what is their function?

A

At the centre of the adaptive humoral immune system and are responsible for mediating the production of antigen-specific immunoglobulin (Ig) directed against invasive pathogens

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7
Q

What is an immune response?

A

A reaction which occurs within an organism for the purpose of defending against foreign invaders

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8
Q

What is inflammation?

A

Part of the body’s defense mechanism

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9
Q

What is the body’s response to tissue injury?

A

The body initiates a chemical signaling cascade that stimulates responses aimed at healing affected tissues

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10
Q

What is acute inflammation characterised by?

A

Local edema, redness, tenderness and pain, increased temperature, and restricted function

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11
Q

What is the process of leukocyte chemotaxis?

A

A critical feature of the innate immune response is the movement of neutrophils and macrophages from one site in the body to another to provide effector functions

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12
Q

What is systemic acute inflammation?

A

A serious condition in which there is inflammation throughout the whole body

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13
Q

What is chronic inflammation also referred to?

A

Slow, long-term inflammation lasting for prolonged periods of several months to years

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14
Q

What is autoimmunity?

A

Sometimes the immune system makes a mistake and attacks the body’s own tissues or organs

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15
Q

What’s the difference between autoimmunity and autoinflammatory?

A

Autoinflammatory diseases are due to hyperactivation of the innate immune system. Autoimmune disease results from abnormalities of the adaptive immune system

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16
Q

What causes autoimmune diseases?

A
  • Some medications
  • Having relatives with autoimmune diseases
  • Smoking
  • Already having one autoimmune disease
  • Exposure to toxins.
  • Being female — 78% of people who have an autoimmune disease are women.
  • Obesity
  • Infections
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17
Q

How is self-tolerance broken?

A

Alloreactive cells from an animal that had been immunized with cells from the allogeneic donor before transfer; such cells probably break tolerance by killing the allogeneic donor cells

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18
Q

What are six tips to enhance immunity?

A
  • Eat Well.
  • Be Physically Active.
  • Maintain a Healthy Weight
  • Get Enough Sleep
  • Quit Smoking
  • Avoid Too Much Alcohol
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19
Q

What is the standard treatment for autoimmune or autoinflammatory diseases?

A

Immunosuppressive agents until the advent of immunomodulatory biologic drugs, which aimed at blocking inflammatory mediators, including proinflammatory cytokines

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20
Q

What are the functions of TNF-alpha blockers?

A

These therapies inhibit the proinflammatory action of TNF-α in common autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, ulcerative colitis, and Crohn’s disease

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21
Q

What are the limitations of anti-TNF-α therapies?

A

Known adverse safety risk, loss of therapeutic efficacy due to drug resistance, and lack of efficacy in numerous autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis

22
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Small proteins that are crucial in controlling the growth and activity of other immune system cells and blood cells

23
Q

What are cytokine receptors?

A

Cell-surface glycoproteins that bind specifically to cytokines and transduce their signals

24
Q

What are the members of the cytokine superfamily?

A

Interleukins, chemokines, colony-stimulating factors (CSF), interferons, and the transforming growth factors (TNF) and tumor necrosis factor (TGF) familes

25
Q

What is the IL-1 family?

A

A group of 11 cytokines that plays a central role in the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses to infections or sterile insults

26
Q

Why is the IL-12 family unique?

A

It has the only heterodimeric cytokines, including IL-12, IL-23, IL-27 and IL-35

27
Q

Where do cytokines have a important role in?

A

Chemically induced tissue damage repair, in cancer development and progression, in the control of cell replication and apoptosis, and in the modulation of immune reactions such as sensitization

28
Q

What are hematopoietic cytokines?

A

Large family of extracellular ligands that stimulate hematopoietic cells to differentiate into eight principle types of blood cells

29
Q

What are the different cytokines in hematopoietic systems?

A

Interleukins (ILs), colony-stimulating factors (CSFs), interferons, erythropoietin (EPO) and thrombopoietin (TPO)

30
Q

What are cytokines crucial in?

A

Controlling the growth and activity of other immune system cells and blood cells

31
Q

What do cytokines affect?

A

The growth of all blood cells and other cells that help the body’s immune and inflammation responses

32
Q

What are cytokines fundamental in?

A

The differentiation of memory T cells

33
Q

Do cytokines reduce inflammation?

A

Some cytokines act to make disease worse (proinflammatory), whereas others serve to reduce inflammation and promote healing (anti-inflammatory)

34
Q

What are the currently approved recombinant cytokine products for cancer immunotherapy?

A

Intron A (interferon alfa-2b) and Proleukin (aldesleukin)

35
Q

What is the role of TNFα in inflammation?

A

TNFα is a powerful pro-inflammatory agent that regulates many facets of macrophage function. It is rapidly released after trauma, infection, or exposure to bacterial-derived LPS and has been shown to be one of the most abundant early mediators in inflamed tissue

36
Q

What are TNF inhibitors?

A

Drugs that help stop inflammation

37
Q

How do cytokines act on their target cells?

A

Binding to specific cytokine receptors on the cell surface

38
Q

What are the sub-families of class I cytokine receptors?

A

This subfamily includes the receptors for IL-3, IL-5, and GM-CSF

39
Q

What is GM-CSF?

A

A pluripotent cytokine produced by many cells in the body, which regulates normal and malignant hemopoiesis as well as innate and adaptive immunity

40
Q

What does the active heterodimeric receptor complex on the surface of myeloid cells initiate?

A

Multiple signaling pathways that control key functions such as cell survival, cell proliferation, and functional activation

41
Q

How is the cytokine receptor family characterised?

A

By four conserved cysteine residues and a tryptophan-serine-X-tryptophan-serine motif above the transmembrane domain

42
Q

What family does IL-2 belong to?

A

IL-2 is a member of a cytokine family, each member of which has a four alpha helix bundle; the family also includes IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, IL-15 and IL-21. IL-2 signals through the IL-2 receptor, a complex consisting of three chains, termed alpha (CD25), beta (CD122) and gamma (CD132)

43
Q

What are type II cytokine receptors?

A

Transmembrane proteins that are expressed on the surface of certain cells

44
Q

What is the TNF receptor superfamily?

A

A protein superfamily of cytokine receptors characterized by the ability to bind tumor necrosis factors via an extracellular cysteine-rich domain

45
Q

What are chemokine receptors?

A

A superfamily of GPCRs that control immune cell behavior; they promote chemotaxis, cell adhesion, and mediator release

46
Q

How do cytokine receptors signal?

A

These receptors enable cells to communicate with the extracellular environment by responding to signals generated in the vicinity or in other parts of the organism

47
Q

What does the JAK-STAT pathway play a critical role in?

A

Transduction of extracellular signals from cytokines and growth factors involved in hematopoiesis, immune regulation, fertility, lactation, growth and embryogenesis

48
Q

What does the JAK family contain?

A

Four cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases, JAK1-3 and Tyk2

49
Q

What are some negative regulators of the JAK-STAT pathway?

A

Tyrosine phosphatases (SHP1 and 2, CD45), protein inhibitors of activated STATs (PIAS), suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins, and cytokine-inducible SH2-containing protein (CIS)

50
Q

What are JAK inhibitors used for?

A

To treat several chronic inflammatory disorders

Cell Signal Transduction (12 decks)

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