Week 1 - Week 5 Flashcards
(153 cards)
1
Q
It is the outermost and visible part of the earth which is composed of rocks of varying sizes and organic substances preferable for plant life.
A
Soil
2
Q
Rocks or hard lumps of soils that are easily seen through the naked eye is called.
A
Coarse-grained soil
3
Q
Consist of a much smaller particle called .
A
Fine-grained soil
4
Q
A particles that are from 0.002 to 0.05.
A
Silt
5
Q
___ Ranges from 0.05 to 2.0 mm
A
Sand
6
Q
A particles that larger than 2.0 mm are called
A
Rock
7
Q
A soil to which a building is built can be composed of numerous layers.
A
Soil mechanics
8
Q
“Is the maximum unit pressure a foundation is permitted to impose vertically or laterally on the soil “
A
Allowable bearing capacity
9
Q
“Is a critical factor in determining the bearing capacity of granular soils”
A
Soil density
10
Q
“Is a measure of its ability to resist displacement when an external force is applied, due largely to the combined effects of cohesion and internal friction.”
A
Shearing strength
11
Q
“The level beneath which the soil is saturated with groundwater”
A
Water Table
12
Q
Physical characteristic of an area or a site that can be both natural or man-made is called
A
Topography
13
Q
It is the visible line on topographic maps that represents elevation or height of the ground.
A
Contour line
14
Q
Change in height between contour lines is called.
A
Contour interval
15
Q
What % of ground slope is generally comfortable for most activities?
A
5%
16
Q
What is the % of the ground slope where buildings can be built without too much difficulty?
A
6%-10%
17
Q
What is the % ground slope that requires a higher than tolerable amount of effort for users to utilize and create a limitation to available activities.
A
11&-25%
18
Q
what is the % ground slopes are subject to soil erosion and provide a higher level of difficulty during construction?
A
Above 25%
19
Q
“Refers to the ability of a structure to use the sun’s energy into regulating the heat within its interior without relying on any mechanical devices”.
A
Passive solar design
20
Q
“Sunlight directly enters the building through windows heating up objects such as floors,walls and ceilings called.”
A
Direct solar gain
21
Q
“The heat of the sun is indirectly transmitted from a heat capturing device toward a certain part of the structure in a controlled manner.”
A
Indirect solar gain
22
Q
“It is advisable for spaces with limited access to windows to allow in natural light. Can also be used for ventilation purposes. “
A
Skylight
23
Q
“Consists of an open space that spans from a certain floor up to glazed roof.”
A
Atrium
24
Q
It is an architectural element that allows daylight to penetrate deeper into the building.
A
Light shelf
25
Type of window in an upper part of the wall. Ideally placed north to avoid direct sunlight and let cool air in.
Clerestory window
26
Works as a pathway for natural light to be accessible to spaces unable to access natural light.
Solar tube , Light tube
27
Movement of air caused by either pressure or temperature.
Wind
28
“Drainage system located below ground that takes the form of underground pipes or sewer system”.
Subsurface drainage
29
“Drainage system that visible above-ground”
Surface drainage
30
What is the best solution from unwanted sound or noise for constructing buildings?
Relocate or move away from source of the noise
31
“Refers to the part of the structure dedicated in carrying and transmitting the load to the earth’s surface.”
Structural system
32
A system that refers to the part of the structure that acts as a covering against the elements.
Enclosure system
33
A system that refers to the building component that acts as a support to the structure allowing it to function efficiently.
Mechanical System
34
A load that is constantly applied to a structure.It is the slow accumulation of load inherent in the weight of the building itself and other equipment, furniture, or appliances used within it.
Static load
35
Refers to the load that is abruptly applied to the building. A load usually varies in magnitude in reference to its origin of contact to the structure.
Dynamic load
36
“Came from the word “specify” which determines the characteristic of the certain item.”
Specification
37
Why specify?
To not misinterpret
38
What are the 4 types of specification?
Descriptive specification, reference specification, proprietary specification & performance specification
39
It is a form of specification standard dedicated in organizing details required in the construction industry. Originally made up only 16 divisions and its new format with 50 divisions was introduced last 2004.
Master Format
40
The method of arranging information in relation to its function and use rather than the materials and its method of applications.
Uni-format
41
It is a three part format used in project manuals for arranging its text.
Section format
42
“The opposite of the descriptive specifying.In this method specific brand names along with its models are directly stated.”
Proprietary specification
43
“Specifying is done through referencing known standards on which specified products need to comply. “
Reference specification
44
“Contains the exact properties of materials and methods of installations without describing proprietary names or brand names.”
Descriptive specification
45
“Under this method, instead of specifying references or specific materials with or without brand, it provides criterion in which constructors need to abide that constructors are allowed to choose the methods or materials as long they satisfy the required performance.”
Performance specification
46
It is an activity done in order to prepare a site for the actual building construction.
Site work
47
It is done to assess both the surface and subsurface conditions of the site.
Site investigation
48
It is the test done to assess the subsurface condition of the site. Defined as the practical application of geological science in civil engineering.
Geo-technical test or soil test
49
“Are dug manually through the use of shovels or an excavator. Both are done to examine the existing soil condition and determine the depth of the water table ”
Test pit, trenching
50
It is a test that the visual identification of the soil strata is done through literally penetrating soil either via drilling or direct push.
Boring and penetration test
51
It is a simple and economical boring technique that can mainly be used for majority types of soil except for gravel hard soils which commonly used hand augers are helical and post-hole augers.
Auger boring
52
A method that is driving a piece of metal tube with a 5 to 10 diameter from 1.5 to 3.0 depth. The tube casing is cleared out by chopping a bit attached to the lower portion of the wash pipe inserted inside the tube casing.
Wash boring
53
It is a truck mounted with a driving rig that turns the auger into the ground to a depth of more than 60 meters using continuous flight of the auger. “
Hollow stem auger boring
54
“The most rapid method in penetrating hard and compact soils,like rocks, clay or even sand.”
Rotary drilling
55
“ Characterized by its joisted hammering bit attached to a cable which is hammered to an open hole to further bore through the layers of soil which is also called cable tool .”
Percussion drilling
56
A device that used penetration resistance.
Penetrometer
57
It's a test that uses varying sizes or rigs, from small portable to truck mounted one. To record the characteristics of the soil, an electronic measuring device is located at a tip of the rig as it is further embedded to the ground.
Cone penetration test
58
It is done through loading an area of not less than 0.18 sq per ton or less than twice the intended use’s maximum bearing capacity.
Standard load test
59
A sitework that allows you to interpret your designs from your drawings into reality .
Layout and staking
60
Wooden sticks driven into the ground or support for the batter boards.
Stake
61
A horizontally set board held with stakes. It holds the string lines that act as the outline of the structure.
Batter board
62
An instrument used mostly for surveying and construction.
Level transit
63
A tool that is made up of a transparent tube filled with water commonly used to establish accurate horizontal lines making sure that points are within the same elevation.
Plastic-hose water level
64
Usually made up of steel wire, cotton, plastic or nylon cord. Commonly used to establish the lines and points of references of the building.
String or cord
65
A string with an attached weight on the end to check vertical alignment.
Plumb bob
66
A leveling tool capable of checking established vertical and horizontal lines.
Spirit level
67
“ Refers to the act of excavating and embanking of soil for construction purposes.”
Earthwork
68
“Refers to excavation generally intended for wall and foundation footings (mostly for small construction). Generally, the depths of such excavations do not exceed 1.5 m.”
Shallow excavation
69
“Excavation that is done mostly for buildings that requires depths beyond 1.5 meters. Commonly observed in mid to high-rise construction or on sites that have unstable soils.”
Deep excavation
70
“Simplest and most common type of excavation support. It is a method that uses temporary types of support known as shores to support the oil.”
Shoring
71
“Consist of driving to the ground wooden planks, steel, or concrete. Each are tightly placed vertically against one another during construction to support the soil or prevent groundwater from seeping into the dug excavation.”
Sheet piling
72
“Are steel columns driven to the ground at a regular interval which consist of wooden planks are then placed in between”
Soldier beam and lagging
73
“Pneumatically applied concrete used to temporarily support an excavation and avoid soil erosion.Commonly used in sites that have stable soil.”
Shotcrete
74
It is an expensive form of excavation support that is only recommend if the walls created are intended to be a permanent part of substructure”
Slurry walls
75
A technique wherein a modifying substance like binders are added to the soil and mixed through the use of augers or other special equipment.
Soil mixing
76
“Can be applied to shoring along with slurry walls.”
Bracing
77
A horizontal beam across the excavations to support the temporary walls made of sheet or other forms of shoring.
Cross-lot bracing
78
“Used when excavations are not suitable for cross-lot bracing due to its width.”
Rakers
79
It consists of tendons anchored with the earth. Recommended use for excavations that needs to maintain an open excavation without the obstacles created by cross-lot bracing or rakers.
Tiebacks
80
“Earthwork activity that tackles on the deliberate changing of a site's elevation or topographical features.”
Leveling and grading
81
“It is the placement of soil materials to level or increase the grade of a certain area. Also defined the opposite of excavation.”
Fill
82
“Means the excavation of soil to a desired level and usage of such excavated soil as fill to level or increase the grade of another area.”
Cut and Fill
83
“Ground that has been elevated through the use of rubble.”
Made-ground
84
“ A pit where construction materials are taken as fill for another location.”
Borrow pit
85
“Refers to the elevation of the ground at a specific point.”
Grade
86
“Is the original elevation of the site prior to any excavation.”
Existing grade
87
“Refers to means to the final grade o f a site after completion of the construction.”
Finish grade
88
“Refers to anything below the ground.”
Below grade
89
“Is the refilling of an excavated area after the desired construction is done.”
Back-fill
90
“Consist of a series of shallow wells created with a perforated pipe to suck in water within an area of the site before or during an excavation”
Wellpoint
91
“A subsurface structure designed to receive water runoff. It holds organic and inorganic materials that were washed up along the water preventing it from clogging the sewer line.”
Catch-basin
92
It refers to a structure designed to allow water to pass through a road or a similar structure.
Culvert
93
It refers to a concealed perforated pipe installed to drain groundwater. These are often concealed with porous earth material such as gravels, allowing water to drain into the pipe.
Under-drain
94
“Are sunken areas created through the intersection of ground slopes to direct water runoff towards natural or artificial drain systems.”
Swale
95
It is a surface drainage designed for collecting water runoffs in an open area.
Area drain
96
It is a drainage pit or a trench filled with gravel or rubble food receiving surface water and allowing it to be drained through absorption by the soil.
Dry well
97
It can be used as natural drains for water run-offs.
Ponds or marshes
98
It is an earthwork activity designed to hold, stabilize, and prevent the soil from eroding due to its inherent steep topographical features.
Slope protection and Retaining walls
99
Slopes can be stabilized through disrupting water runoffs through a series of _.
Terracing
100
“Consists of plants can be used as sloping protection through the help of its roots.”
Soil binder
101
“ Slopes are stabilized through covering it with a layer of broken stones. Usually seen in an embankment (e.g shorelines, riversides)”
Riprap
102
“Are made from boxed wire mesh designed to contain rocks or rubbles. It works similar to a riprap wherein it is stacked with each other to create hold the soil in place.”
Gabion
103
“Rather than using wire mesh akin to gabion, it uses steel,concrete or timber as a framework to hold soil or stones. Its units are stacked in layers to work as a retaining wall.”
Cribbing
104
It uses its own weight to hold a mass of earth.it is made-up of modular precast concrete designed to be filled with earth and rocks to be stacked in an interlocking manner.
Bin-wall
105
Types of retaining walls that relies on its inherent mass on holding soils.
Gravity walls
106
Types of retaining walls that are used as a sitework holding out excavated earth preventing it from caving in.Its commonly used are wood and steel.
Piling wall
107
Types of retaining walls were a footing like a member of the wall is extended within the earth to be retained anchoring in its place. The extended member of the structure is pinned down by the force of the earth itself other than opposing the wall in lateral motion. Either a buttress or counterfort may be added to further reinforce the wall.
Cantilever wall
108
Types of retaining walls that the wall created is held with a tieback to hold it in place.
Anchored wall
109
“ Refers to a product that is made of plastic used in the construction industry as a main structural or reinforcing element in engineering works.It is currently one of the innovative materials currently used in construction especially earthwork activities.”
Geosynthetics
110
“Plastic laid-out in a grid commonly used as a holding element or reinforcement.”
Geogrids
111
“Textile like plastics commonly used as permeable ground covers. “
Geotextile
112
“Net-like plastics”
Geo-net
113
“Plastic materials with impervious characteristics ideally used for conditions that require water or liquid proofing. “
“Geomembrane
114
“Geomembrane or geotextiles with a bentonite clay layer in between either of the two geosynthetics. “
Geosynthetics clay liner
115
“Used in all aspects of geotechnical, transportation, environmental, hydraulic, and private development engineering.”
Geopipe
116
“ A geosynthetic product similar to a polystyrene foam that has gas filled cells.”
Geofoam
117
Refers to a combination of geosynthetics products used for a variety of construction related works.
Geocomposite
118
Usually seen in site drainage or groundcovers layered with geotextiles.
Filtration
119
“To transmit water-run off directly to the soil as permeable material or through transmitting it to another sewer system as an impervious conduit. This is commonly observed with geotextiles,geomembranes and geosynthetics.”
Drainage
120
“Used to separate two different soils or materials such as sand and gravel.”
Separation
121
It is commonly used in acting as a reinforcement to steep slopes,or paving systems.
Reinforcement
122
“Work as a ground cover that helps retain the form of the soil from allowing water to pass through while minimizing the soils movement.”
Erosion control
123
It is a soil surface covering designed to accommodate either pedestrian or vehicular traffic. It can be composed of asphalt, concrete, cobblestone, flagstone,artificial stone,bricks, tiles and timber.
Paving
124
A paving that defined by their resilient ability to distribute the load to the sub-grade in a radiating manner of speaking. These are able to bend and deflect once subjected to heavy loads.
Flexible pavements
125
It is paving that characterized by their distribution of load internally and its ability to transmit it over a wide area under ground.
Rigid pavement
126
“The best way to avoid a termite infestation is through adequate preparation. It is an essential part of sitework and should not be neglected.”
Termite proofing
127
“This works through the application of termiticides within the vicinity of the site and acts as a chemical barrier against the termites. “
Conventional barrier treatment
128
“Consists of paper, cardboard, or other acceptable termite food, combined with a slow-acting substance lethal to termites.“
Termite bait
129
“This is the direct application of borates to protect wood. “
Wood treatment
130
It is composed of cement and different aggregates bonded through a chemical reaction from adding water into the mix. It has been constructed for over 2000 years.
Concrete
131
It is defined as a binding compound in concrete. It is a fine powdery material made up of a calcined mixture of clay and limestone.
Cement
132
A type of cement that derived its name from pozzouli in Italy,where it originated. It is a mixture of fly ash and lime that reacts after the introduction of water creating a slow hardening cement.
Pozolan cement
133
A type of cement that reacts to water to form a hard stone-like substance that is resistant to disintegration in water.
Hydraulic cement
134
A type of cement that is the most widely used type of cement in the industry. It is a type of hydraulic cement characterized by its fine powdery nature and produced from kilned clay and limestone.
Portland cement
135
“ Represents the 60% to 80% of the concrete volume. It is composed of various materials that when added with cement and water results into mass of concrete. “
aggregates
136
Type of aggregates that passess through 4.76mm sieve and retained at 0.074mm sleve.
Fine aggregates
137
Type of aggregates that are retained by a 4.76mm sieve.
Coarse aggregates
138
____ used in making concrete that should be potable. It should not have any impurities included as it might affect the integral composition of concrete.
Water
139
“Are any substance added to the concrete to produce an effect or basically alter its properties.”
Admixture
140
Method in proportioning concrete that is commonly used by batching plants for ready mix concrete. It is ideal for projects that need precise measurements and mixtures based from specification of the structural engineers.
Weight method
141
Method in proportioning concrete that is conveniently done through the use of an empty bag of cement or box equal to 1 cubic meter.
Volume method
142
Types of concrete test that is done to assess the plasticity and workability of concrete of each concrete mix. It uses slump cones that have a height of 300mm, with the bottom part having a diameter of 200mm while the upper part has a diameter of 100mm.
Slump test
143
Types of concrete test that is done through subjecting a cylindrical sample of a cured concrete mix into a hydraulic press to determine its maximum load capacity before the concrete fails or fractures.
Compression test
144
“Off-site concrete mixing is usually done in centralized ready-mix plants.” True or false?
True
145
It is the phenomenon where the coarse aggregates settle at the bottom part of the formwork while the cement and sand mixture are above.
Concrete segregation
146
It is the method of removal of voids on a freshly poured concrete. This is done to ensure that the concrete evenly covers the formworks.
Consolidation
147
It is rough pitted surface or voids in concrete formed due to improper consolidation or incomplete filling of the concrete.
honeycomb
148
Techniques that the use of a flat spade tool inserted and withdrawn into the concrete repeatedly to consolidate it.
Spading
149
Techniques that the use of rod inserted and withdrawn into the concrete repeatedly to consolidate it.
Rodding
150
Techniques that the use of oscillating tools to cause vibration in order to consolidate a freshly poured concrete within its framework.
Vibration
151
It is one of the recent innovations in building construction. Another name for this is Autoclaved aerated concrete. Made out of cement and aggregates + expanding agent(comprises 80% of material composition). It has insulation and structural capabilities that are often used as walls, ceilings and roofs.
Aerocrete
152
It is a type of concrete known for its method of application similar to being shot from a gun.
Gunite (shotcrete)
153
It is known as expanded shale concrete. Instead of gravel as coarse aggregate, it uses clay, shells and slates that were expanded through high temperatures. Lightweight concrete that is strong, fire resistant, and has good acoustical properties.
Haydite concrete
