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Pathophysiology NR 283 > Week 1 Vocab Words > Flashcards

Week 1 Vocab Words Flashcards

1
Q

Anaerobic

A

Metabolic function without oxygen

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2
Q

Apoptosis

A

Normal Programmed Cell Death in Tissues

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3
Q

Autopsy

A

An examination of part or all body, including organs, after death to determine the cause of death

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4
Q

Biopsy

A

The removal of a small piece of living tissue for microscopic examination to determine a diagnosis

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5
Q

Endogenous

A

Originating from within in the body

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6
Q

Exogenous

A

Originating from outside the body

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7
Q

Gangrene

A

Necrotic tissue infected by bacteria

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8
Q

Homeostasis

A

A relatively stable or constant environment in the body, including blood pressure, temperature and pH, maintained by the various control mechanism

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9
Q

Hypoxia

A

A decreased or insufficient level of oxygen in the tissues

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10
Q

Iatrogenic

A

Caused by treatment, procedure or error

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11
Q

Idiopathic

A

No known cause

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12
Q

Inflammation

A

The response to tissue damage, indicated by redness, swelling, warmth and pain

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13
Q

Ischemia

A

Decreased blood supply to an organ or tissue

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14
Q

Lysis

A

Destruction of the cell

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15
Q

Lysosomal

A

A membrane-bound vesicle in a cell containing digestive or lytic enzymes

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16
Q

Microorganism

A

Very small living organisms, not visible to the naked eye, usually single-celled

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17
Q

Microscopic

A

Visible only when magnified by lenses in a microscope

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18
Q

Morphologic

A

The physical size, form, structure and shape of cells or organs

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19
Q

Necrosis

A

Death or destruction of tissue

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20
Q

Probability

A

The likelihood or chance of occurrence

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21
Q

Pyroptosis

A

A type of programmed cell death that elicits an inflammatory response

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22
Q

Allele

A

One of two forms of a gene at corresponding sites on a chromosome pair; the code for phenotype or characteristic manifested in an individual

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23
Q

Amniocentesis

A

Removal of a small amount of amniotic fluid from around the fetus for examination and diagnosis

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24
Q

Anomaly

A

An abnormal structure, often congenital

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25
Q

Autosomes

A

Any chromosomes that is not a sex chromosome

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26
Q

Gene Penetrance

A

The proportion of individuals of a specified genotype that shows the expected phenotype under a defined set of environmental conditions

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27
Q

Genotype

A

The genetic makeup of a cell or individual

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28
Q

Heterozygous

A

Having two different alleles at corresponding points on a chromosome pair

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29
Q

Homozygous

A

Having two identical alleles at corresponding points on a chromosome pair

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30
Q

Incomplete Dominant

A

A form of gene interaction in which both alleles of a gene at locus are partially expressed

31
Q

Karotype

A

A visual demonstration of pairs of cell chromosomes arranged in order of size

32
Q

Meiosis

A

A special type of of cell division of germ cells in sexually-reproducing organisms that produces the gametes

33
Q

Mitosis

A

A part of the cell cycle in which replicated chromosomes are separated into two new nuclei

34
Q

Mutation

A

A change in the genetic makeup (DNA) of a cell, which will be inherited

35
Q

Organogenesis

A

The formation and differentiation of organs and systems during embryonic development

36
Q

Phenotype

A

The characteristics manifested by a person depending on genetic and environmental factors

37
Q

Polygenic

A

Relating to determined by polygenes

38
Q

Teratogenic

A

A substance or condition that impairs normal development of the embryo or fetus in utero, causing a congenital abnormality

39
Q

Trisomy

A

Contains an extra chromosome, for a total of 47; named for the pair where the extra chromosome occurs

40
Q

Normal Range for Sodium in the Body

A

135 - 145 mEq/L

41
Q

Hyponatremia Causes

A
  • Excessive sweating, vomiting, diarrhea
  • Renal failure
  • Certain diuretic drugs combined with low-salt diet
  • Excessive water intake
42
Q

Hyponatremia Effects

A
  • Cause fluid imbalance in compartments
  • Fluid shifts into cells causing decrease in blood pressure, hypovolemia
    -Fatigue, nausea, vomiting, abdominal discomfort, or cramps
    -Cerebral edema
  • Confusion
    -Headache
43
Q

Hypernatremia Cause

A
  • Imbalance in sodium and water
  • Diarrhea
  • Prolonged periods of rapid respirations
  • Loss of the thirst mechanism
44
Q

Hypernatremia Effects

A
  • Weakness, agitation
  • Dry, rough mucous membranes with dehydration
  • Edema with firm subcutaneous tissue
  • Increased thirst
  • Decreased urine output
45
Q

Dehydration Causes

A
  • Vomiting
  • Excessive Sweating
  • Insufficient Fluid intake
46
Q

Dehydration Effects

A
  • Dry mucous membranes
  • Decreased skin turgor
  • Sunken eyes
  • Weak thready pulse
  • Confusion
  • Increased Hematocrit
47
Q

Edema Causes

A
  • Increased Hydrostatic pressure
  • Loss of Plasma proteins
  • Lymphatic circulation obstruction
  • Congenital Heart Failure
48
Q

Edema Effects

A
  • Swelling
  • Pale or Red Skin
  • Pitting edema
  • Increased skin tissue breakdown
  • Weight gain
49
Q

Normal Range of Chloride in the Body

A

98-106 mmol/L

50
Q

Hypochloremia Causes

A
  • Associated with Alkalosis (early stages of vomiting)
  • Excessive perspiration
51
Q

Hypochloremia Effects

A
  • Nausea
  • Vomiting
  • Diarrhea
  • Muscle twitching
52
Q

Hyperchloremia Causes

A
  • Excessive intake of sodium chloride, orally or intravenously
    -Hypernatremia
53
Q

Hyperchloremia Effects

A
  • Edema
  • Weight Gain
54
Q

Normal Ranges of Potassium in the Body

A

3.5 - 5.0 mEq/L

55
Q

Hypokalemia Causes

A
  • Excessive losses caused by diarrhea
  • Diuresis associated with some diuretic drugs
  • DKA treatment with regular insulin
56
Q

Hypokalemia Effects

A
  • Causes dysrhythmias
  • Caused by impaired repolarization which can lead to cardiac arrest
  • Muscles less responsive to stimuli
  • Paresthesia –> the pins and needles sensation
  • Decreased digestive tract motility (Constipation)
57
Q

Hyperkalemia Causes

A
  • Renal failure
  • Deficit of aldosterone
  • “Potassium - sparring” diuretics
  • Leakage of intracellular potassium into extracellular fluids
    -In patients with extensive tissue damage
58
Q

Hyperkalemia Effects

A
  • ECG changes - peaked T waves
  • Muscle Weakness = impairs neuromuscular activity
  • Fatigue, Nausea & Paresthesia is also common
59
Q

Normal Range of Magnesium in the Body

A

0.7 - 1.1 mmol/L

60
Q

Hypomagnesemia Causes

A
  • Use of diuretics
  • Diabetic Ketoacidosis
  • Hyperparathyroidism
  • Hyperaldosteronism
61
Q

Hypomagnesemia Effects

A
  • Neuromuscular hyper irritability
    -Tremors or Chorea (involuntary repetitive movements)
  • Insomnia
  • Personality Changes
  • Increased heart rate with arrhythmia
  • Confusion & Seizures
  • Increased deep tendon reflexes
62
Q

Hypermagnesemia Causes

A
  • Occurs with renal faliure
63
Q

Hypermagnesemia Effects

A
  • Depressed neuromuscular function
  • Decreased deep tendon reflexes
  • Lethargy
  • Cardiac Arrhythmias
  • Decreased Respirations
  • Hypotension
  • Flushing
64
Q

Normal Ranges of Calcium in the Body

A

4.0 - 5.0 mEq/L

65
Q

Hypocalcemia Causes

A
  • Hypoparathyroidism
  • Malabsorption syndromes
  • Deficient serum Albumin
  • Increased serum pH levels
  • Renal Failure
66
Q

Hypocalcemia Effects

A
  • Weak heart contractions
  • Increase in the permeability and excitability of nerve membranes
  • Muscle Twitching
  • Tetany: Prolonged muscle contractions and spasms
67
Q

Hypercalcemia Causes

A
  • Uncontrolled releases of calcium ions from bones
  • Neoplasms
  • Hyperparathyroidism
  • Increased Calcium intake
  • Excessive vitamin D
  • Excessive dietary calcium
  • Milk-alkali syndrome
68
Q

Hypercalcemia Effects

A
  • Depressed neuromuscular activity
  • Muscle weakness, loss of muscle tone
  • Lethargy, stupor, personality changes
  • Anorexia, nausea
  • Increased strength in cardiac contractions
  • Interference with ADH function
  • Less absorption of water
  • Decrease in renal function
69
Q

Normal Ranges of Phosphate in the Body

A

0.85 - 1.45 mmol/L

70
Q

Hypophosphatemia Causes

A
  • Malabsorption syndrome
    -Diarrhea
  • Excessive use of antacids
  • Alkalosis
  • Hyperparathyroidism
71
Q

Hypophosphatemia Effects

A
  • Tremors
  • Weak reflexes
  • Paresthesia
  • Confusion and stupor
  • Difficulty in swallowing
72
Q

Hyperphosphatemia Cause

A
  • Renal failure
  • Dialysis patients
  • Tissue damage or cancer chemotherapy
73
Q

Hyperphosphatemia Effects

A
  • Same as hypocalcemia

Pathophysiology NR 283 (1 decks)

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