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Pathophysiology NR 283 > Week 1 Vocab Words > Flashcards

Week 1 Vocab Words Flashcards

1
Q

Anaerobic

A

Metabolic function without oxygen

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2
Q

Apoptosis

A

Normal Programmed Cell Death in Tissues

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3
Q

Autopsy

A

An examination of part or all body, including organs, after death to determine the cause of death

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4
Q

Biopsy

A

The removal of a small piece of living tissue for microscopic examination to determine a diagnosis

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5
Q

Endogenous

A

Originating from within in the body

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6
Q

Exogenous

A

Originating from outside the body

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7
Q

Gangrene

A

Necrotic tissue infected by bacteria

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8
Q

Homeostasis

A

A relatively stable or constant environment in the body, including blood pressure, temperature and pH, maintained by the various control mechanism

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9
Q

Hypoxia

A

A decreased or insufficient level of oxygen in the tissues

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10
Q

Iatrogenic

A

Caused by treatment, procedure or error

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11
Q

Idiopathic

A

No known cause

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12
Q

Inflammation

A

The response to tissue damage, indicated by redness, swelling, warmth and pain

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13
Q

Ischemia

A

Decreased blood supply to an organ or tissue

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14
Q

Lysis

A

Destruction of the cell

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15
Q

Lysosomal

A

A membrane-bound vesicle in a cell containing digestive or lytic enzymes

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16
Q

Microorganism

A

Very small living organisms, not visible to the naked eye, usually single-celled

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17
Q

Microscopic

A

Visible only when magnified by lenses in a microscope

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18
Q

Morphologic

A

The physical size, form, structure and shape of cells or organs

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19
Q

Necrosis

A

Death or destruction of tissue

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20
Q

Probability

A

The likelihood or chance of occurrence

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21
Q

Pyroptosis

A

A type of programmed cell death that elicits an inflammatory response

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22
Q

Allele

A

One of two forms of a gene at corresponding sites on a chromosome pair; the code for phenotype or characteristic manifested in an individual

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23
Q

Amniocentesis

A

Removal of a small amount of amniotic fluid from around the fetus for examination and diagnosis

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24
Q

Anomaly

A

An abnormal structure, often congenital

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25
Autosomes
Any chromosomes that is not a sex chromosome
26
Gene Penetrance
The proportion of individuals of a specified genotype that shows the expected phenotype under a defined set of environmental conditions
27
Genotype
The genetic makeup of a cell or individual
28
Heterozygous
Having two different alleles at corresponding points on a chromosome pair
29
Homozygous
Having two identical alleles at corresponding points on a chromosome pair
30
Incomplete Dominant
A form of gene interaction in which both alleles of a gene at locus are partially expressed
31
Karotype
A visual demonstration of pairs of cell chromosomes arranged in order of size
32
Meiosis
A special type of of cell division of germ cells in sexually-reproducing organisms that produces the gametes
33
Mitosis
A part of the cell cycle in which replicated chromosomes are separated into two new nuclei
34
Mutation
A change in the genetic makeup (DNA) of a cell, which will be inherited
35
Organogenesis
The formation and differentiation of organs and systems during embryonic development
36
Phenotype
The characteristics manifested by a person depending on genetic and environmental factors
37
Polygenic
Relating to determined by polygenes
38
Teratogenic
A substance or condition that impairs normal development of the embryo or fetus in utero, causing a congenital abnormality
39
Trisomy
Contains an extra chromosome, for a total of 47; named for the pair where the extra chromosome occurs
40
Normal Range for Sodium in the Body
135 - 145 mEq/L
41
Hyponatremia Causes
- Excessive sweating, vomiting, diarrhea - Renal failure - Certain diuretic drugs combined with low-salt diet - Excessive water intake
42
Hyponatremia Effects
- Cause fluid imbalance in compartments - Fluid shifts into cells causing decrease in blood pressure, hypovolemia -Fatigue, nausea, vomiting, abdominal discomfort, or cramps -Cerebral edema - Confusion -Headache
43
Hypernatremia Cause
- Imbalance in sodium and water - Diarrhea - Prolonged periods of rapid respirations - Loss of the thirst mechanism
44
Hypernatremia Effects
- Weakness, agitation - Dry, rough mucous membranes with dehydration - Edema with firm subcutaneous tissue - Increased thirst - Decreased urine output
45
Dehydration Causes
- Vomiting - Excessive Sweating - Insufficient Fluid intake
46
Dehydration Effects
- Dry mucous membranes - Decreased skin turgor - Sunken eyes - Weak thready pulse - Confusion - Increased Hematocrit
47
Edema Causes
- Increased Hydrostatic pressure - Loss of Plasma proteins - Lymphatic circulation obstruction - Congenital Heart Failure
48
Edema Effects
- Swelling - Pale or Red Skin - Pitting edema - Increased skin tissue breakdown - Weight gain
49
Normal Range of Chloride in the Body
98-106 mmol/L
50
Hypochloremia Causes
- Associated with Alkalosis (early stages of vomiting) - Excessive perspiration
51
Hypochloremia Effects
- Nausea - Vomiting - Diarrhea - Muscle twitching
52
Hyperchloremia Causes
- Excessive intake of sodium chloride, orally or intravenously -Hypernatremia
53
Hyperchloremia Effects
- Edema - Weight Gain
54
Normal Ranges of Potassium in the Body
3.5 - 5.0 mEq/L
55
Hypokalemia Causes
- Excessive losses caused by diarrhea - Diuresis associated with some diuretic drugs - DKA treatment with regular insulin
56
Hypokalemia Effects
- Causes dysrhythmias - Caused by impaired repolarization which can lead to cardiac arrest - Muscles less responsive to stimuli - Paresthesia --> the pins and needles sensation - Decreased digestive tract motility (Constipation)
57
Hyperkalemia Causes
- Renal failure - Deficit of aldosterone - "Potassium - sparring" diuretics - Leakage of intracellular potassium into extracellular fluids -In patients with extensive tissue damage
58
Hyperkalemia Effects
- ECG changes - peaked T waves - Muscle Weakness = impairs neuromuscular activity - Fatigue, Nausea & Paresthesia is also common
59
Normal Range of Magnesium in the Body
0.7 - 1.1 mmol/L
60
Hypomagnesemia Causes
- Use of diuretics - Diabetic Ketoacidosis - Hyperparathyroidism - Hyperaldosteronism
61
Hypomagnesemia Effects
- Neuromuscular hyper irritability -Tremors or Chorea (involuntary repetitive movements) - Insomnia - Personality Changes - Increased heart rate with arrhythmia - Confusion & Seizures - Increased deep tendon reflexes
62
Hypermagnesemia Causes
- Occurs with renal faliure
63
Hypermagnesemia Effects
- Depressed neuromuscular function - Decreased deep tendon reflexes - Lethargy - Cardiac Arrhythmias - Decreased Respirations - Hypotension - Flushing
64
Normal Ranges of Calcium in the Body
4.0 - 5.0 mEq/L
65
Hypocalcemia Causes
- Hypoparathyroidism - Malabsorption syndromes - Deficient serum Albumin - Increased serum pH levels - Renal Failure
66
Hypocalcemia Effects
- Weak heart contractions - Increase in the permeability and excitability of nerve membranes - Muscle Twitching - Tetany: Prolonged muscle contractions and spasms
67
Hypercalcemia Causes
- Uncontrolled releases of calcium ions from bones - Neoplasms - Hyperparathyroidism - Increased Calcium intake - Excessive vitamin D - Excessive dietary calcium - Milk-alkali syndrome
68
Hypercalcemia Effects
- Depressed neuromuscular activity - Muscle weakness, loss of muscle tone - Lethargy, stupor, personality changes - Anorexia, nausea - Increased strength in cardiac contractions - Interference with ADH function - Less absorption of water - Decrease in renal function
69
Normal Ranges of Phosphate in the Body
0.85 - 1.45 mmol/L
70
Hypophosphatemia Causes
- Malabsorption syndrome -Diarrhea - Excessive use of antacids - Alkalosis - Hyperparathyroidism
71
Hypophosphatemia Effects
- Tremors - Weak reflexes - Paresthesia - Confusion and stupor - Difficulty in swallowing
72
Hyperphosphatemia Cause
- Renal failure - Dialysis patients - Tissue damage or cancer chemotherapy
73
Hyperphosphatemia Effects
- Same as hypocalcemia

Pathophysiology NR 283 (1 decks)

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