Week 1 Vocab Flashcards
1
Q
Communicate, Communication
A
A means to relate wants, needs, thoughts, feelings, knowledge to another person.
2
Q
Communication disorder
A
Impairment in ability to receive, comprehend, or relate messages V, NV, or graphically.
3
Q
Clinician
A
Healthcare rehabilitation and educational professionals who base their practice on direct observation and treatment of patients/clients.
4
Q
3 primary modes to receive communication
A
Auditory, Visual, Tactile
5
Q
3 primary modes to send communication
A
Verbal (grunts), Graphic (writing/illustrations), Gestural (FE/BL)
6
Q
Inner Speech, Self-Talk
A
Nearly constant convo with oneself; may be conscious or semiconscious; thinking in words.
7
Q
Modalities
A
Any sensory avenue through which info may be revealed; visual, tactile, auditory, taste, olfactory(smell).
8
Q
Speech-language pathologist
A
Professional trained to identify, evaluate, treat, and prevent speech, language, cognitive, and swallowing disorders.
9
Q
Audiologist
A
Professional trained to identify, evaluate, treat, and prevent hearing disorders, plus select and evaluate hearing aids, and habilitate or rehabilitate individuals with hearing impairments.
10
Q
Which modality is more important for factual , abstract, and persuasive communication?
A
Verbal content
11
Q
Which modality is important for judging emotions and attitudes?
A
Nonverbal content
12
Q
What cues do adults rely on when V and NV channels conflict?
A
Nonverbal cues
13
Q
Speech
A
Production of oral language using phonemes for communication through the process of respiration, phonation, resonation, and articulation
14
Q
Language
A
Socially shared code for representing concepts through the use of arbitrary symbols, and rule-governed combinations of those symbols (grammar).
15
Q
Grammar
A
Rules of the use of morphology and syntax in a language.
16
Q
Syllable
A
Either a single V or a V and one/more C.
17
Q
Prosody
A
Voice inflections used in language such as stress, intensity, changes in pitch, duration of a sound, rhythm that helps listeners understand the true intent of a message, including emotion.
18
Q
Linguistics
A
Scientific study of language
19
Q
Phonemes
A
The shortest arbitrary unit of sound in a language; sound.
20
Q
Morphemes
A
The smallest unit of language that contains a distinct meaning (prefix, root word, suffix).
21
Q
Syntax
A
Rules on how words are put together in a sentence to convey meaning.
Ex: SVO
22
Q
Semantics
A
The study of meaning in language conveyed by words, phrases, and sentences.
23
Q
Pragmatics
A
Rules governing the use of language in social situations.
24
Q
Phonology
A
The study of phonemes (sounds).
25
T/F: The English language has an unlimited number of phonemes.
FALSE
26
T/F: The combinations of phonemes in the English language are nearly limitless.
TRUE
27
Consonants
Speech sounds articulated by either stopping the outgoing air stream or creating a narrow opening of resistance using the articulators.
28
Vowel
Voiced speech sounds from the unrestricted passage of the air stream through the mouth without audible stoppage or friction.
29
Context
Circumstances that form the environment within which something exists or takes place; words, phrases, or narrative that come before and after a particular word or phrase in speech or a piece of writing that helps to explain its full meaning.
30
Morphology
The study of the way words are formed out of basic units of languages.
31
Free morpheme
A stand-alone morpheme.
Ex: Culture, accept, comfort
32
Bound morpheme
A morpheme that must be attached to a free morpheme.
Ex: pre-, dis-, mis-, -ing, -celetrate-, audio-
33
What elements of language are the two major categories of structure (grammar)?
Syntax and Morphology
34
Grammar
The rules of the use of morphology and syntax in a language.
35
Miscommunication occurs when... ?
Discrepancy between content expressed by the speaker and the content understood by the listener.
36
T/F: Pragmatics places greater emphasis on the structure of language than on the functions of language.
FALSE
37
T/F: Pragmatics is culturally based or influenced.
TRUE
38
Literacy
The ability to communicate through written language, both reading and writing.
39
Process (mental or cognitive)
The process of thinking.
40
Articulation
The movement of the articulators (mandible, lips, tongue, and soft palate) to produce sounds of speech.
41
Resonance
The quality of the voice that results from the vibration of sound in the vocal tract.
Ex: sounding like you have a stuffy nose
42
Fluent
The effortless flow of speech.
43
Hearing impairment
Abnormal or reduced function in hearing resulting from an auditory disorder.
44
Quality of life
The characterization of health concerns or disease effects on a person's lifestyle and daily functioning.
45
Habilitate
The initial learning and development of a new skill.
46
Rehabilitate
Restoration to normal or to as satisfactory a status as possible of impaired functions and abilities.
47
T/F: The term handicap is acceptable to use with in the SLP profession.
FALSE
48
Disability
Restriction or lack of ability to perform an activity in the manner or within the range considered normal for a human being.
49
Impairment
Any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function.
50
Prevalence
The estimated # of people diagnosed with a particular disorder, disability, or disease at a given time in a region or country.
51
Incidence
The total # of new diagnoses of a disorder, disability, or disease in the population of a region or country over a 1-year period (or specified time span).
52
T/F: The incidence of disorders is more clinically relevant and more commonly reported than prevalence.
FALSE
53
T/F: Males are more likely to have communication disorders at all ages than females.
TRUE
54
Speech disorders
Any deviation or abnormality of speech outside the range of acceptable variation in a given environment.
55
Language disorders
Impairment of receptive and/or expressive linguistic symbols that affects comprehension and/or expression of wants, needs, thoughts, feelings, or knowledge through verbal, written, or gestural modes.
56
What are the terms used other than handicap?
Disorder, impairment, disability, problem, difficulty
57
What are the 8 categories of communication disorders?
```
Articulation
Language
Fluency
Voice
Resonance
Cognition
Literacy
Hearing
```
58
T/F: SLPs and audiologists often try to determine dichotomies (this or that) when classifying disorders.
TRUE
Ex: congenital or acquired; organic or functional; articulation disorder or phonological disorder
59
Congenital disorder
Disorders that are present at birth; usually considered hereditary, caused during pregnancy, complication at birth.
60
Acquired disorders
Disorders that begin after an individual has developed normal communication abilities such as hearing loss, speech language, or cognitive disorder caused by TBI.
61
Anoxia
No oxygen.
62
Hypoxia
Inadequate oxygen.
63
Etiology
Cause of a disorder.
64
Functional disorder
An impairment that has some behavioral/emotional components but no known anatomic, physiologic, or neurological basis.
65
Organic disorder
An impairment with an anatomic, physiologic, or neurological basis; may have behavioral or emotional components.
66
Articulation disorder categories
Articulation disorder
| Phonological disorder
67
Articulation disorder
Unable to produce speech sounds used in their language; result of inaccurate placement of the tongue.
68
Phonological Disorder
Errors occur in several phonemes; these errors form patterns in which a person is simplifying individual sounds/combinations of sounds to make it easier to produce.
69
Motor speech disorders
Result of neurological impairments or differences that affect motor planning, coordination, or strength of articulators for smooth speech.
70
Receptive language
How well one understands what they hear.
71
Expressive language
How well one can verbally communicate their message
72
T/F: The age of the child is not a significant factor when considering expressive language.
FALSE
73
Language delay
An abnormal slowness in developing language skills that may result in incomplete language development.
Ex: slow talkers; late talkers
74
What are some of the possible causes of language disorders?
TBI, autism, genetic syndromes, intellectual disabilities.
75
Language difference
Variations in speech and language production that are the result of a person's cultural, linguistic, and social environment.
76
T/F: Expressive language effected by cultural and linguistic diversity is a difference, not disorder.
TRUE
77
Standard American English (SAE)
The speech of native speakers of American English that is typical of the United States and that excludes phonological forms easily recognized as regional dialects.
78
Damage to which hemisphere of the brain can cause language impairments and motor speech disorders?
Left hemisphere.
79
Aphasia
Impairment in language process that may affect any or all input modalities/any or all output modalities
80
Language disorder categories
Receptive language
| Expressive language
81
Fluency disorder categories
Stuttering (disfluency)
| Cluttering
82
Stuttering (disfluency)
Heard as repetitions of sounds, syllables, or words; prolongations of sounds; abnormal stoppages or ''silent blocks'' while speaking.
83
Cluttering
Abnormally fast speech, with omissions of sounds and syllables so that words sound compressed or truncated; abnormal patterns of pausing and phrasing, bursts of speech that may be unintelligible.
84
Voice disorder categories
Dysphonia
| Aphonia
85
Voice disorder (dysphonia)
Voice disorder with the person's voice typically sounding rough, raspy, or hoarse.
86
Aphonia
Complete loss of voice.
87
T/F: Emotional stress can cause dysphonia.
FALSE
CA: Aphonia
88
How might individuals suffering from aphonia try to communicate?
Whispering
Writing
Complete avoidance
89
Disorders of Resonance
Hypernasality
| Hyponasality
90
Resonance disorders
Abnormal structures or functioning of the hard/soft palates that cause the voice to be directed into the oral cavity for oral sounds or directed into the nasal cavities for nasal sounds.
91
Cleft palates typically result in which communication disorder?
Resonance disorders
92
Hypernasality
Disorder that occurs when oral C and V enter the nasal cavity because of clefts in palates or weakness of the soft palate; sounds like they are talking through nose.
93
Hyponasality (denasality)
Partial or complete obstruction of the nasal passages; nasal sounds will not have their normal nasal resonance.
94
T/F: Acquired resonance disorders in adults are usually the result of a weak soft palate that is caused by strokes/head injuries.
TRUE
95
Cognition
The act/process of thinking/learning that involves attention, perception of stimuli, memory, organization and categorization of information.
96
Cognition disorders
Developmental
| Acquired
97
Cognitive disorders in children are usually associated with which type of disability?
Intellectual disability
98
Dementia
Neurological disorder that is a progressive deterioration of cognitive functioning and personality.
99
Hearing Disorders
Conductive loss
Sensorineural loss
Mixed loss
100
Conductive hearing loss
Decrease in the loudness of a sound b/c of poor conduction of sound through the other or middle ear.
101
Conductive hearing loss causes
```
Malformations of the outer ear
Blockage of ear canal
Damage to eardrum
Damage to 3 small bones in the middle ear
Infections
```
102
Sensorineural hearing loss
Reduction of hearing sensitivity b/c disorder of the inner ear or the auditory nerve that carries the info to the brain.
103
What type of hearing loss makes it difficult to discriminate between speech sounds?
Sensorineural hearing loss
104
Sensorineural hearing loss causes for infants.
Congenital disorder
| Infections
105
Sensorineural hearing loss causes for older children/adolescents/young adults.
Listening to loud music for long periods of time.
106
The professional organization that represents speech-language pathologists and audiologists and sets standards for their education, training, and certification; formerly known as American Speech and Hearing Association.
American Speech-Language-Hearing Association; ASHA
107
Telecommunication devices for the deaf (TDD)
Telephone systems used by those with hearing impairments in which a typewritten message is transmitted over telephone lines and is received as a printed message
108
Dysphagia
Difficulty swallowing that occurs when impairments affect any of the four phases of swallowing (oral preparatory, oral, pharyngeal, esophageal) which places a person at risk for aspiration of food/liquid and potential aspiration pneumonia.
109
The ASHA recognized national organization for undergraduate and graduate students interested in the study of human communication and related disabilities.
National Student Speech-Language-Hearing Association; NSSLHA
110
Clinical Fellowship Year (CFY)
36-week FT (35hrs per week) mentored clinical experience totaling a min of 1260hrs begun after all academic coursework/university clinical; required by ASHA to earn CCC
111
Scope of Practice
ASHA's delineation of the general and specific areas in which SLPs and Aud. may engage with the appropriate training and experiences.
112
Evaluation; Assessment
Clinical activities designed to understand a person's communicative abilities/disabilities before a treatment program is determined.
113
Evidence-based practice (EBP)
Integration of external scientific evidence, clinical expertise, and client/patient/caregiver perspectives to providing high-quality services reflecting the interests, values, needs of client served.
114
Diagnosis
The determination of the type and cause of a speech, language, cognitive, swallowing, or hearing disorder based on the signs and symptoms of the client; obtained through case history, observations, interviews, formal and informal evaluations, and other methods.
115
Signs
Objective findings (based on evaluation) of a disorder, disability, disease, or change of condition as perceived by an examiner, such as an SLP, PT, OT, nurse, or physician.
116
Symptom
A subjective indication of a disorder, disability, disease, or change of condition as perceived by a client, patient, or other non-medical or rehabilitation specialist, such as a family member.
117
Acute care hospitals
Hospital where patients are treated for brief but severe episodes of illness, injury, trauma, or during recovery from surgery.
118
Subacute hospital
A level of care needed by patients who do not require acute care but who are medically fragile and require special services (respiratory therapy, intravenous tube feeding, and complex wound management care).
119
Convalescent hospital; skilled nursing facility (SNF)
A medical facility that provides long-term medical, nursing, or custodial care for individuals (during the course of a chronic illness or the rehab phase after an acute illness or injury).
120
Inpatient
A patient who has been admitted to a hospital or other healthcare facility for at least an overnight stay.
121
Outpatient
A patient who is not hospitalized but is being treated in an office, clinic, or medical facility.
122
Speech-language pathology assistant (SLPA)
A support person who performs tasks as prescribed, directed, and supervised by ASHA-certified SLPs.
