week 1 to week 4 Flashcards
It is searching for a theory, for
testing theory, or for solving a
problem.
RESEARCH
It is to search
again, to take
another more
careful look, to
find out more
(Selltiz, et.al.,
1976)
RESEARCH
It is a systematic quest for
undiscovered truth
(Leedy, 1974)
RESEARCH
It is a
systematic
attempt to
provide answers
to questions
(Tuckman, 1972)
RESEARCH
Types of
research
Based on
inquiry
Based on
purpose
Based on
method
Based on
inquiry
Rationalistic and Naturalistic
Rationalistic
❖Begin with an existing theory
❖Formal instruments are used
❖Findings are generalized
❖Problem is converted into dependentand
variables after
develops strategies
which the
and independent
researcher instruments to control relationships
between and among naturally occurring
variables
Naturalistic
❖State that we must understand the framework within which the subjects under
study interpret their environment to beable to understand human behavior
❖The individual’s thoughts, values,
perceptions and actions are studied.
involves observing subjects in
their natural environment.
Naturalistic
Naturalistic
Data Collection Methods :
Tally counts
* Observer narratives
* Audio or video recordings
Based on purpose:
Basic/
fundamental
/ pure
Applied/
action
Developmental
is intended to add to the body of
scientific knowledge by exploring
the unknown to extend the
boundaries of knowledge as well as
to discover new facts, and learn
more accurately the characteristics
of known without any particular
thought as to immediate practical
utility
Basic/
fundamental
/ pure
…seeks to discover basic truths
or principles.
BASIC RESEARCH
Also known as action research
Applied Research
Directed towards the practical
application of knowledge
Applied/
action
Theory may be supported, modified or revised
Applied/
action
involves seeking new applications of scientific
knowledge to the solution of a problem such as
the development of new system or procedure,
new device, or new method, in order to solve
the problem.
Applied/
action
…produces knowledge of practical
use to man.
APPLIED RESEARCH
This is a decision-oriented
research involving the application
of the
method
steps of the scientific
in response to an
immediate need to improve
existing practices.
Developmental
Often used in engineering and
technology areas
Developmental
Critical investigation of events,
developments and experiences of
the past, the careful weighing of
evidence of the validity of sources
of information on the past and the
interpretation of the weighed
evidence (Kellinger, 1972)
Historical Research
Data are gathered through the
collection of original documents or
interviewing eye witnesses.
Historical Research
A study where the major emphasis is
on the discovery of ideas and insights
(Selltiz, et.al., 1979)
Descriptive Research
Describes the population’s
characteristics
Descriptive Research
Involves the collection of two or
more sets of data from a group of
subjects with
determine
the attempt to
the subsequent
relationship between those sets of
data (Tuckman, 1972)
Correlational Research
Ex Post Facto Research
“After the Fact”
A systematic empirical inquiry in
which the researcher does not have
direct control of the independent
variables
Ex Post Facto Research
Also known as Causal-Comparative
Research
Ex Post Facto Research
attempt to
identify cause-effect relationships,
Causal-comparative studies
studies involve
comparison
Causal-comparativ
involve
relationship
correlational studies
Judges the value, worth or merit of an
existing program
Evaluation Research
Formative and summative evaluation
are applied in training programs,
textbooks, manuals or curricula.
Evaluation Research
A study conducted in the
laboratory
Experimental Research
2 groups
Experimental Research
❖Experimental group
❖Control group
Values
of
Research
For the quality of life to
progress
To provide solutions to
problems
For scientific and technological
advancement of the new
millennium
Characteristics of Research
Research is
Empirical, Logical ,
and Cyclical.
Research is
analytical and
critical.
( a systematic and accurate
investigation)
are the data collected by the
researcher themselves, i
Primary Data
are data that already exists
Previous research
Secondary Data
Types of research can be classified from three different perspectives (Kumar, 2011):
- Application of the findings of the research study
- Objectives of the study
- Mode of enquiry used in conducting the study
is curiosity driven. It is motivated by a desire to expand knowledge and involves the acquisition of knowledge for knowledge’s sake. It is intended to answer why, what or how questions and increase understanding of fundamental principles.
Basic research
does not have immediate commercial objectives and although it certainly could, it may not necessarily result in an invention or a solution to a practical problem.
Basic research
It also pertains to “gathering informations for knowledge sake
Basic Research
The main motivatioon is to expand man’s knowledge
Basic Research
is designed to answer specific questions aimed at solving practical problems.
Applied research
is solving practical issues rather than acquire knowledge. It is meant to solve real life issues and make the social and business environment better. It can be in large scale basis.
Applied Research
can provide valuab;;e information that appplied research can use
Basic research
It is also known as fundamental or pure research
Basic Research
theoretical in nature
Basic Research
Practical in nature
Applied Research
Has a wider scope
Basic Research
Predicts future phenomena
Basic Research
Creates solutions or preventions for probable problems
Applied Research
more closely associated with economically research objectives
Applied research
Takes place in a sterile environment
basic research
Conducted iin messy real-world settings
applied research
The definition are based on concepts or hypothetic ones which are usually taken from a dictionary, encyclopedia and published journals.
Conceptual Definition
– The definition of terms are based on observable characteristics and how it is used in the study.
Operational Definition
This includes the coverage of the study area, the subjects, the research apparatus, equipment or instrument, the research issues and concerns, the duration of the study, and the constraints that have direct bearing on the result of the study
Scope and Limitations of the Study
Is presented comprehensively to convince the screening committee the importance of the study.
Significance of the Study
are presumed to be true statements of facts related to the research problem.
Assumptions
presents specific and well-defined concepts which are called constructs.
Conceptual Framework
shapes the justification of the research problem/research objectives in order to provide the legal basis for defining its parameters.
Theoretical Framework
have the same characteristics but they differ in form because the former is stated in interrogative or question form and the latter, in declarative form.
Statement of Research Problem/Objectives
The problem should be specifically tested.
Specific
It is easy to measure by using research instruments, apparatus or equipment.
Measurable.
The data are achievable using correct statistical tools to arrive at precise results.
Achievable.
Real results are attained because they are gathered scientifically and not manipulated or maneuvered.
Realistic.
Time frame is required in every activity because the shorter completion of the activity, the better.
Time-bound.
“ statement of purpose for which the investigation is to be conducted “ ( Ardales, 1992
research objective
