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Psychology of the Early Years > Week 1 - Self and Identity > Flashcards

Week 1 - Self and Identity Flashcards

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1
Q

What is social psychology?

A

The scientific attempt to explain how the thoughts, feeling and behaviours of individuals are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of other humans.

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2
Q

Describe the task carried out in Triplett’s (1898) key study of the self

A

Fishing reels turned a silk band around a drum which was connected to a pulley by a chord - flag had to travel around the pulley 4 times.

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3
Q

Describe the conditions carried out in Triplett’s (1898) key study of the self

A

Children were alone or in pairs.

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4
Q

Describe the results of Triplett’s (1898) key study of the self

A

Children were faster, slower or not impacted by being in a pair.

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5
Q

What did Triplett say the reasons behind his findings were?

A

The faster children - the arousal of their competitive instincts and the ides of a faster movement.

Slower children were going to pieces.

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6
Q

Who carried out a study on the self using a flag and a fishing reel?

A

Triplett (1898)

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7
Q

What was the self like in the 19th century? (5)

A

Wundt (1897) - first lab for experimental psychology.

Freud - psychoanalytic school of psychology.

Early 1900s - rapid growth of lab research in USA.

Allport (1924) - social psychology would only flourish if it became an experimental science.

Murphy and Murphy (1931-1937) published book called Experimental Social Psychology.

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8
Q

Behaviour

A

What people actually do that can be measured.

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9
Q

Science

A

Method for studying nature that involves the collecting of data to test hypotheses.

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10
Q

Hypotheses

A

Empirically testable predictions about what co-occurs with what or what causes what.

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11
Q

Theory

A

Set of inter-related concepts and principles that explain a phenomenon.

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12
Q

Data

A

Publicly verifiable

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13
Q

Independent variable

A

Change of their own accord or can be manipulated by an experimenter to have effects on a DV.

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14
Q

Dependent variable

A

change as a consequence of changes in the IV.

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15
Q

Positivism

A

The non-critical acceptance of scientific method as the only way to arrive at true knowledge.

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16
Q

Reductionism

A

Explanation of a phenomenon in terms of the language and concepts of a lower level of analysis, usually with the loss of explanatory power.

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17
Q

Level of explanation

A

The types of concepts, mechanisms and language used to explain a phenomenon.

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18
Q

How did Doise (1986) say we need to construct theories?

A

That formally integrate, or ‘articulate’, concepts from different levels.

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19
Q

When can non-experimental methods be used?

A

When experiments are not practical or ethical.

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20
Q

Archival research

A

researcher assembles data from a range of sources related to a specific phenomenon.

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21
Q

Give an example of archival research?

A

Janis (1972) - archival research regarding the Bay of Pigs fiasco.

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22
Q

How does a field study relate to a field experiment?

A

It’s like a field experiments but without any interventions or manipulations.

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23
Q

Self in the medieval times

A

Identity shaped by family membership, social ranks and place of birth.

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24
Q

Self in the 16th century

A

started to change due to issues including secularisation, industrialisation and enlightenment.

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25
Q

Self in the early 20th century

A

Psychodynamic self

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26
Q

Self in the 1990s

A

Over 31000 articles about self in previous 20 years.

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27
Q

What are the 3 methods in searching for the self?

A

Self assessment
Self verification
Self-enhancement

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28
Q

Self assessment

A

Seeking out new information about ourselves in order to find out what sort of person we really are.

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29
Q

Self verification

A

Seeking out information that confirms what we think we already know about ourselves.

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30
Q

Self-enhancement

A

The motivation to promote a favourable image of self.

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31
Q

What did Sedikides (1993) find out about self assessment, self verification and self-enhancement?

A

Enhancement was found to be stronger than verification which was stronger than assessment.

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32
Q

Explain Van Gyn et al. (1990) method of their study of the self

A

Participants assigned to one of 4 conditions:

  • Power training on a bike + imagery
  • Power training on a bike without imagery
  • No power training + imagery
  • No power training without imagery
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33
Q

Explain Van Gyn et al. (1990) findings of their study of the self

A
  • Power training improved performance

- Using imagery also improved performance

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34
Q

Explain Van Gyn et al. (1990) conclusion of their study of the self

A

Imagery improves self-conception which improved performance.

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35
Q

Who did a study on the self using power training?

A

Van Gyn et al. (1990)

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36
Q

What did Harre et al. (2005) driving study find/show?

A

Showed self-enhancement bias - most drivers said they were better (more skilled/safer) than they actually were.

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37
Q

What did Shrauger and Schoeneman (1979) do and find when testing the idea of the looking glass self?

A

Meta perspective

Reviewed 63 studies.

found that people didn’t tend to see themselves as others saw them but instead people saw themselves as how they thought others saw them.

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38
Q

What is awareness?

A

A state in which you are aware of yourself as an object, much as you might be aware of a tree or another person (Duval & Wicklund, 1972).

39
Q

What were Carver and Scheier (1981) 2 forms of self?

A

Private self and public elf.

40
Q

What did Carver and Scheier mean by private self?

A

Try to match behaviour with internal standards.

41
Q

What did Carver and Scheier mean by public self?

A

Presenting yourself in a positive light.

42
Q

What was the method of Steele (1975) study of the self?

A

Mormon women received 2 phone calls:
- Called to ask if they would list everything in their kitchen to help with a new community food cooperative project (Baseline 50% agree)

  • A few days earlier they had been called by a ‘pollster’ and told one of 3 things:
    A. uncooperative with community projects (95%)
    B. Not concerned about driver safety (95%)
    C. cooperative with community projects (65%)
43
Q

What 3 things made up Higgins’ (1987) Self-Discrepancy Theory?

A

Actual self, ideal self and ought self.

44
Q

Who came up with the Self-Discrepancy Theory?

A

Higgins (1987)

45
Q

What can priming the ideal self lead to?

A

Dejection

46
Q

What can priming the ought self lead to?

A

Agitation

47
Q

In Higgins’ (1986) discrepancies study, what did people with a high actual-ideal and actual-ought self-discrepancy experience?

A
  • Increase in dejection but not agitation after being primed to focus on ideal self.
  • Increase in agitation but not dejection after being primed to focus on ought self.
48
Q

What did Medvec et al. (1995) find about Olympic medalists and their view on winning Olympic medals and how this represents the view of the self?

A

Happiest is gold then bronze then silver (due to upwards and downwards comparison - upwards is bad and downwards is good for identity).

49
Q

What type of thought is the ability to think about ourselves?

A

A reflexive thought.

50
Q

What were the forces for change of the view of the self in the 16th century?

A

Secularisation, industrialisation, enlightenment (and psychoanalysis).

51
Q

What do we mean by reflexive thought?

A

wWe can think about ourselves, about who we are, how we would like to be and how we would like others to see us.

52
Q

What are constructs?

A

Abstract or theoretical concepts or variables that are not observable and are used to explain or clarify a phenomenon.

53
Q

Secularisation

A

The idea that fulfilment occurs in the afterlife was replaced by the idea that you should actively pursue personal fulfilment in this life.

54
Q

Industrialisation

A

People were increasingly seen as units of production that moved from place to place to work and thus had a portable personal identity that was not locked into static social structures such as the extended family.

55
Q

Enlightenment

A

People felt that they could organise and construct different, better, iden- tities and lives for themselves by overthrowing orthodox value systems and oppressive regimes (e.g. the French and American revolutions of the late eighteenth century).

56
Q

Psychoanalysis

A

Freud’s theory of the human mind crystallised the notion that the self was unfathomable because it lurked in the gloomy depths of the unconscious.

57
Q

Difference between Individual and collective self

A

I vs we/us.

58
Q

Symbolic interactionism

A

Theory of how the self emerges from human interaction, which involves people trading symbols (through language and gesture) that are usually consensual and represent abstract properties rather than concrete objects.

59
Q

Looking-glass self

A

The self derived from seeing ourselves as others see us.

60
Q

Who came up with the looking glass self?

A

G.H. Mead

61
Q

What does private self-awareness lead you to do?

A

Try to match your behaviour to your internalised standards.

62
Q

What does public self-awareness lead you to do?

A

Present yourself to others in a positive light.

63
Q

Deindividuation

A

Process whereby people lose their sense of socialised individual identity and engage in unsocialised, often antisocial, behaviours.

64
Q

Schema

A

Cognitive structure that represents knowledge about a concept or type of stimulus, including its attributes and the relations among those attributes.

65
Q

Self-discrepancy theory

A

Higgins’s theory about the consequences of making actual – ideal and actual – ‘ought’ self-comparisons that reveal self-discrepancies.

66
Q

Actual self

A

How we currently are.

67
Q

Ideal self

A

How we would like to be.

68
Q

Ought self

A

How we think we should be.

69
Q

Self-regulation

A

Strategies that we use to match our behaviour to an ideal or ‘ought’ standard.

70
Q

Why do we engage in self-regulation?

A

To try to match our behaviour to an ideal or ought standard.

71
Q

Regulatory focus theory

A

A promotion focus causes people to be approach- oriented in constructing a sense of self; a prevention focus causes people to be more cautious and avoidant in constructing a sense of self.

72
Q

What is the promotion system concerned with in regulatory focus theory?

A

The attainment of one’s hopes and aspirations – one’s ideals.

73
Q

What is the prevention system concerned with in regulatory focus theory?

A

The fulfilment of one’s duties and obligations – one’s ought.

74
Q

Explain Higgins’ method in his self-discrepancy theory study

A

They administered questionnaires to identify students who were either high in both kinds of discrepancies or else low in both. Several weeks later, the same students partici- pated in an experiment in which emotions that reflected dejection or agitation were measured, both before and
after a priming procedure. for their ‘ideal’ prime they were asked to discuss their own and their parents’ hopes for them; for their ‘ought’ prime they discussed their own and their parents’ beliefs about their duties and obligations.

75
Q

Explain Higgins’ hypotheses in his self-discrepancy theory study

A

It was hypothesised that an actual–ideal discrepancy would lead to feeling dejected (but not agitated), whereas an actual–’ought’ discrepancy would lead to feeling agi- tated (but not dejected).

76
Q

Self-perception theory

A

Bem’s idea that we gain knowledge of ourselves only by making self-attributions: for example, we infer our own attitudes from our own behaviour.

77
Q

Overjustification effect

A

In the absence of obvious external determinants of our behaviour, we assume that we freely choose the behaviour because we enjoy it.

78
Q

Social comparison theory

A

Comparing our behaviours and opinions with those of others in order to establish the correct or socially approved way of thinking and behaving.

79
Q

Self-evaluation maintenance model

A

People who are constrained to make esteem-damaging upward comparisons can underplay or deny similarity to the target, or they can withdraw from their relationship with the target.

80
Q

Who came up with the self-perception theory?

A

Bem (1967, 1972)

81
Q

Who came up with the social comparison theory?

A

Festinger (1954)

82
Q

Who came up with the self-evaluation maintenance model?

A

Tesser (1988)

83
Q

Social identity

A

That part of the self-concept that derives from our membership in social groups.

84
Q

Personal identity

A

The self defined in terms of unique personal attributes or unique interpersonal relationships.

85
Q

What are the broad types of identity that social identity theorists have argued there are?

A

Social identity and personal identity.

86
Q

What were Brewer and Gardner (1996) 3 forms of self?

A

Individual self, relational self, collective self.

87
Q

Individual self

A

Based on personal traits that differentiate the self from all others.

88
Q

Relational self

A

Based on connections and role relationships with significant others.

89
Q

Collective self

A

Based on group membership that differentiates ‘us’ from ‘them’.

90
Q

What were the 4 types of identity proposed by brewer et al. (2001/2006)?

A

Person-based identities
Relational based identities
Group-based identities
Collective identities

91
Q

Person-based identities

A

Emphasising the internalisation of group properties by individual group members as part of their self-concept.

92
Q

Relational based identities

A

Defining the self in relation to specific other people with whom one interacts in a group context – corresponding to Brewer and Gardner’s (1996) relational identity and to Markus and Kitayama’s (1991) ‘interdependent self’.

93
Q

Group-based identities

A

Equivalent to social identity as defined above.

94
Q

Collective identities

A

Referring to a process whereby group members not only share self- defining attributes but also engage in social action to forge an image of what the group stands for and how it is represented and viewed by others.

Psychology of the Early Years (2 decks)

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