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Anat And Physiology Second Term > Week 1 - Respiratory system structure > Flashcards

Week 1 - Respiratory system structure Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 functions of the respiratory system?

A
  1. Extensive as exchange SA between air and circulating blood
  2. Moves air to and from exchange surfaces from outside environment
  3. Protects respiratory surfaces from outside environment
  4. Produces sounds
  5. Participates in olfactory sense
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2
Q

What are the two zones of the respiratory system?

A

Conducting Zone
Respiratory Zone

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3
Q

Describe the Zones in the respiratory system (mentoion branching and alveoli)

A

23 times branched passageways
Irregular dichotomus pattern
Each airway gives rise to two daughter airways
Air reaches alveoli surrounded by capilliaries
Alveoli appear as buds in the bronchiole wall from branch 17
from branch 20 whole airway is alveoli.

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4
Q

Describe the Respiratory Mucosa

A

Lines conducting portion of respiratory system.
In the upper respiratory system it contains mucous glands
In the conducting portion of the lower respiratory system it contains smooth muscle.

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5
Q

Describe the nasal cavity

A

Air enters respiratory system
Nasal hairs in nasal vestibule perform first particle filtration
Air flow through the three nasal meatuses

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6
Q

Describe the palates

A

Hard Palate: forms floor of nasal cavity and oral cavity
Soft Palate: Extends posterior to hard palate
Divides superior nasopharynx from lower pharynx.

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7
Q

Describe the Pharynx

A

A chamber shared by digestive and respiratory system.
Extends from internal nares to entrances to larynx and esophagus.
Three Divisions: Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Larynopharynx

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8
Q

What is the larynx

A

A cartilaginous structure that surrounds the glottis.

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9
Q

What is the glottis

A

Responsible for sound production by opening and closing

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10
Q

Describe the bronchi separation

A

Right and left primary bronchi separated by internal ridge (carina)

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11
Q

What is the bronchial tree?

A

Formed by the primary bronchi and their branches

Primary bronchus have branches to form secondary bronchi (lobar bronchi), one goes to each lobe.
Extrapulmonary bronchi - left and right bronchi branch outside the lungs.
Intrapulmonary - branchges inside the lungs.

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12
Q

Describe Secondary bronchi

A

Branch to form tertiary bronchi, also called segmental bronchi which supply air to a single bronchopulmonary segment
There are 10 BPS in right lung and 8 or 9 in left.

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13
Q

What is the bronchial structure

A

Each tertiary bronchus branches into multiple bronchioles, which branch into terminal bronchioles.

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14
Q

Describe the bronchiole structure

A

No cartilage, dominated by smooth muscle.
Autonomic control regulates smooth muscle allowing stretch and recoil of bronchioles controlling airflow and providing resistance in lungs.

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15
Q

Describe alveoli structure

A

Air filled pockets within the lungs
where all gas exchange takes place

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16
Q

What is external respiration

A

Includes processes exchanging O2 and CO2 with the environment.
. Pulmonary ventilation
. Gas diffusion
. Storage and transport of O2 and CO2
. The exchange of dissolved gases

17
Q

What is internal respiration

A

Called cellular respiration, involves uptake of O2 and CO2 within individual cells.

18
Q

What is pulmonary ventilation?

A

The physical movement of air in and out of 4respiratory tract
Provides alveolar ventilation - the physical movement of air in and out of alveoli.

19
Q

What is Boyles Law

A

P = 1/V

20
Q

What is the compliance of the lung?

A

An indicator of expandability
Low compliance requires greater force, higher requires less

21
Q

How does breathing Occur? (brain)

A

Initiated by RCC in Medula oblongata. Activation causes a contraction in the diaphragm and intercostals.

22
Q

What happens during inspiration?

A

Diaphragm down, rotates ribs to horizontal plane. External intercostals move ribs upand out which increases thoracic cavity.

23
Q

What happens during expiration?

A

Passive event, muscles relax.

24
Q

Describe surface tension in the alveoli

A

Thin film of fluid lines alveoli and surface tension of film is an important factor. Attractive forces between adjacent molecules of liquid stronger than those between liquid and gas. Contributes to passive recoil force and stabilizes alveoli

25
Q

What are the muscles involves in respiration?

A

Inspiration: Sternocleidomastoid
Scalenes
Ext and int intercostals
Diaphragm

Expiration: Int Intercostals
Ext and int abdominal obliques
Transverse and rectus abdominis

26
Q

Quiet Breathing Vs Forced Breathing

A

Quiet - Involves active inhilation, diaphragmatic breathing or deep breathing. Costal breathing or shallow breathing

Forced - Hypernea, involves active inhalation and exhalation. Assisted by accessory muscles, maximum levels occur in exhaustion.

27
Q

Ventilation Equations

A

Minute ventilation = Bpm x TV
Alveoli Ventilation = Bpm x (TV - DV)

28
Q

What is inspiratory reserve volume?

A

The volume of air that can be inspired at the end of tidal ispiration.

29
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

The volume of gas inspired or expired during an unforced respiratory cycle

30
Q

What is the functional residual capacity?

A

The amount of gas remaining in the lungs after a normal quiet tidal expiration

31
Q

What is the insipratory capacity?

A

The max amount of gas that can be inspired

32
Q

What is expiratory reserve volume?

A

The volume of gas that can be expired at the end of a total expiration

33
Q

What is Vital Capacity?

A

The max amount of gas that can be expired after a max inspiration.

34
Q

What is the residual volume

A

The volume of gas left in the lungs after a maximal expiration.

35
Q

What is the total lung capacity?

A

The total amount of gas in the lungs at the end of a maximal inspiration.

36
Q

What are other important respiratory calculations?

A

FEV1 - forced exp volume in 1 sec
FVC forced vital capacity

Forced expiratory ratio = FEV/FVC

37
Q

What is the composition of air?

A

760mmHg
Nitrogen (N2) ~ 78.6%
Oxygen (O2) ~ 20.9%
Water Vapour (H2O) ~ 0.5%
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) ~ 0.04%

Anat And Physiology Second Term (8 decks)

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