Week 1 quiz

Question 1

define dna and biological function

Answer 1

A molecule that carries genetic instruction, made from deoxyribose sugar and phosphate groups, and nitrogenous bases.
-genetic info storage
- protein synthesis (transcription and translation)
-heredity
-cell function regulation

Question 2

define rna and biological function

Answer 2

single stranded, ribose sugar and phosphate groups and nitrogenous bases
- messenger (mrna)
-ribsomal (rrna)
- transfer rna (trna)
-regulatory rna (mirna)
-protein synthesis (translation and transcription)
-gene regulation
-catalytic function
-genetic information transfer

Question 3

how do nucleic acids store information

Answer 3

nucleotides
-sugar
-phosphate group
-nitrogenous bases
dna
rna

Question 4

describe the central dogma

Answer 4

1. dna to rna
2. sometimes dna to ncrna, which are non coding rna that have a structure and function
3. rna to protein

Question 5

describe recent changes to the dogma

Answer 5

-ncrna was added, while rrna and trna also aid in the process

Question 6

describe the effects of mutation of dna

Answer 6

can have effects which range from benign to severe. can cause genetic disorders, cancer development, protein function, and evolutionary changes

Question 7

why are phosphodiester bonds in rna, not dna, broken by a high ph

Answer 7

because of the 2’ hydroxyl group, allows for nucleophilic attack on phosphate group, leading to bond cleavage.

Question 7

what organelles do eukaryote cells have that prokaryote cells do not

Answer 7

1. nucleus
2. mitochondria

Question 8

how is dna packaged in eukaryotes

Answer 8

it begins with nucleosomes, then into chromatin structures and condensed chromosomes. this helps with dna compaction, regulation of gene expression, and ensuring chromosome segregation occurs during cell division.

Question 8

what compartment holds the dna in eukaryotes

Answer 8

the nucleus

Question 9

dna is best described as…

a. typewriter
b. instruction manuel
c. play script
d. alphabet

Answer 9

b. instruction manuel

Question 10

what physiochemical properties of nucleic acids control flexability and stability

Answer 10

dna is flexible. dna replication bubble knick phosphodiester back bone, then unwrap one strand around the other, then loosens the tortion.

Question 11

a. name the purines

b. name the pyrimidines

c. which base pair with 2 hydrogen bonds

d. are 2 hydrogen bonds more stable at a high ph than 3 hydrogen bonds

Answer 11

a. adenine (a) and guanine (g)

b. cytosine (c), thymine (t) (found in dna), and uracil (u)(found in rna, replaces thymine).

c. adenine (a) and thymine (t)

d. base pairs with 3 are more strong

-G and C form three hydrogen bonds

-a and t form two hydrogen bonds

Question 12

what is dna sequencing. what does it tell you

Answer 12

it needs ATCGU that encodes genetic information to see what the dna is expressing

Question 13

what is the mechanism of action of 5fu and why is it a good anti cancer agent

Answer 13

5fu attacks thymine in dna sequence of cancer cells and it causes dna to not be able to be transcribed so the cancer cell dies

Question 14

name an anti viral that is a nucleotide analog

Answer 14

remdesivir, which was used in covid vaccine, to get into the rna sequence, therefore causing rna to not be translated, so that the virus dies.