Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

DPT 6150 PHYSIOLOGY > Week 1 Questions > Flashcards

Week 1 Questions Flashcards

1
Q

How much of our body weight is water?

A

50-70%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How much of our total body water is Intracellular fluid?

A

2/3 (40%)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How much of our total body water is extracellular fluid?

A

1/3 (20%)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the difference between ECF and ICF?

A

ECF: the fluid outside of the cells
ICF: the fluid inside the cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is ECF composed of?

A

a. Plasma
i. Intravascular
ii. Red Blood Cells
b. Interstitial fluid
i. fluid the cells bathe in
ii. No proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What separates the plasma and interstitial fluid?

A

Capillary Wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

True False: The capillary wall is impermeable to large molecules

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Cations are ____Charged ions

A

Positively

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Anions are ____charges ions

A

Negatively

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the 5 substances that are higher in the ECF than ICF?

A 
Na+ 
Ca+, ionized
Cl-
HCO3-
PH
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the most important substance that is higher in the ICF?

A

K+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

True/ False: Cell membranes are dynamic, fluid structures

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

True/False the membrane constituents cannot move about in the plane of the membrane

A

False- The membrane constituents are able to move about in the membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

About ____ of proteins encoded in an animal cell’s genome are membrane proteins

A

30%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Are the heads of the phospholipids hydrophobic or hydophillic

A

Hydrophilic- like water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Are the tails of the phospholipids hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

A

Hydrophobic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The membrane fluidity refers to the ______of the lipid bilayer

A

Viscosity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the importance of the cis- double bonds in the phospholipids?

A

Produces a kink

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Having saturated hydrocarbon chains within the phospholipid bilayer results in what?

A

Increased membrane thickness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Having unsaturated hydrocarbon chains within the phospholipid bilayer results in what?

A

Reduced membrane thickness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Why would unsaturated hydrocarbon chains with cis-double bonds allow for more diffusion than saturate hydrocarbon chains?

A

Because of the cis-double bond there is a kink, this causes more space allowing for more diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What does it mean to be amphiphilic?

A

Contains both hydrophobic and hydrophillic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How is the lipid bilayer formed?

A

Because the phospholipids are amphiphilic it causes them to bury their hydrophobic tails in the interior and expose their hydrophilic heads to the water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What two different shapes might the phospholipids form?

A

a. Lipid micelle

b. Lipid bilayer (more likely)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

This property of the shape the phospholipids form provides important____capability.

A

Self- Healing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Does the process of the shape of the phospholipids require any energy?

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

How do they have self- healing capabilities?

A

a. Endocytosis

b. Exocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is Endocytosis

A

process of capturing a substance or particle from outside the cell by engulfing it with the cell membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is Exocytosis

A

Process of vesicle fusing with the plasma membrane and releasing the contents outside the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Is the formation process of phospholipid bilayer spontaneous or calculated?

A

a. Spontaneous

b. energetically favorable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are the four mechanisms a cell can tether membrane proteins?

A

a. self assemble
b. tethered to macromolecules on the outside
c. tethered to macromolecules on the inside
d. tethered to macromolecules on the surface of another cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is the importance of domains?

A

If proteins are not where they need to be, they cannot receive the protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are integral membrane proteins?

A

Proteins that are embedded into the cell membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are transmembrane proteins?

A

a. span the lipid bilayer one or more times

b. Type of integral membrane protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are peripheral membrane proteins?

A

a. not embedded in the membrane

b. not covalently bound to cell membrane components

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

True/False given enough time all molecules will eventually be able to pass through the membrane

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is (passive) downhill transport?

A

Substances move down a conc. gradient from an area of high conc to an area of low conc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Does Passive transport require energy?

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What three types of transport occur by passive transport?

A

a. simple diffusion
b. facilitated diffusion
c. Osmosis (high—>low)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is active (uphill) transport?

A

Substances move against a conc gradient from an area of low conc to an area of high conc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Does active transport require energy?

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What two types of transport occur by active transport?

A

a. Primary Active transport

b. secondary active transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What are the two main classes of membrane transport proteins?

A

a. Channels

b. transporters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What are channels?

A

a. Always passive-like a straw

b. much faster (10^5 times faster)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What are pores?

A

Integral proteins that are always open

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What are transporters?

A

a. can be active or passive

i. active- use carriers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Which type of transport requires a protein carrier?

A

a. facilitated diffusion
b. Primary Active Transport
c. Secondary active transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What type of transport does not require a protein carrier?

A

Simple diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Random molecular movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

In diffusion, substances move from a____to____ conc.

A

High to Low (downhill)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What three things determine simple diffusion?

A

a. amount of substrate available
i. conc gradient
b. velocity of motion
i. the more energy the solute has, the faster the rate of diffusion
ii. example: the higher the temperature, the faster the molecules move
c. number and size of openings (permeability)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What are the two types of gradients?

A

a. Chemical

b. electrical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What is the chemical gradient?

A

Conc differences across the membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What is the electrical gradients

A

Where the opposites attract and likes repel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Combined, these two gradients form the….

A

Electrochemical gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What is an osmole?

A

The number of particles into which a solute dissociates in solution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What is macroscopic electroneutrality?

A

Each fluid compartment must have the same concentration of positive valence electrons as negative electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Is the ECF or ICF more negative?

A

ICF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What are pores?

A

a. Integral membrane proteins

b. Always open

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

The selectivity of a pore is based on ____and_____.

A

Diameter and electrical charge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

How are channels selective?

A

a. Gated

i. Respond to certain stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

What are the three types of gated channels?

A

a. voltage-gated
b. ligand gated
c. mechanically gated

63
Q

What type of stimuli would open a voltage- gated channel?

A

Change in membrane potential

64
Q

What type of stimuli would open a ligand- gated channel?

A

Ligand binding

65
Q

True/ False: Ligand- gated channels can only respond to extracellular ligands

A

False: they can respond to intracellular and extracellular ligands

66
Q

What type of stimuli would open a mechanically gated channels?

A

Mechanical Changes

67
Q

Are K+ or Na_ molecules bigger in size?

A

K+

68
Q

Are channels more permeable to K+ or Na+

A

K+

69
Q

Why are channels more permeable to K+ than Na+?

A

a. Selectivity filter
i. Both molecules are polar and attract water molecules. When they get close to the filter, they are stripped of their hydration shell.
ii. K+ is more permeable because once it is stripped of its hydration shell it fits perfectly, whereas Na+ becomes too small without its shell

70
Q

In a voltage-gated Na+ channel, before the stimulus are both the gates opened or closed?

A

a. Activation gate is shut

b. Inactivation gate is open

71
Q

In a voltage-gated Na+ channel, which gate opens first once there is a stimulus?

A

a. Activation Gate

72
Q

After the stimulus, Na+ Flows____ the gated channel

A

Into

73
Q

The same stimulus that caused the gate to open, would cause the inactivation gate to open or close?

A

Close

74
Q

In a voltage- gated K+ channel, K+ Flows____the gated channel.

A

Out

75
Q

During Resting state of a ligand- gated ACH channel, the gate is

A

Shut

76
Q

What happened to allow Na + to pass through a ligand- gated ACH channel?

A

ACH binds to the protein channel

77
Q

The inside of the channel is

A

a. Negative
i. attracted to Na+
ii. Repels Cl-

78
Q

Does Cl- have a higher conc. on the inside or the outside of the cell?

A

Outside

i. Dude to negativity of the channel

79
Q

In a voltage gated Na+ channel, which gate opens first once there is a stimulus?

A

Activation Gate

80
Q

After the stimulus, Na+ flows ____the gated channel

A

Into

81
Q

The same stimulus that caused the gate to open, would cause the inactivation gate to open or close?

A

Close

82
Q

In a voltage- gated K+ Channel, K+ flows ____ the gated channel.

A

Out

83
Q

During resting state of a ligand- gated ACH channel, the gate is

A

Shut

84
Q

What has to happen to allow Na+ to pass through a ligand- gated ACH channel?

A

ACH binds to the protein channel

85
Q

The inside of the channel is

A

a. Negative
ii. Attracted to Na+
ii. Repels Cl-

86
Q

Does Cl- have a higher conc on the inside or outside of the cell

A

Outside, due to negativity of the channel

87
Q

The inside of the channel is ____.

A

Negative

i. attracted to Na+
ii. Repels Cl-

88
Q

Which is faster between simple/ facilitated diffusion?

A

Facilitated

89
Q

The more conc you have, the ___rate of diffusion

A

Faster; not with facilitated diffusion

90
Q

What limits max rate of facilitated diffusion? (why does it plateau)

A

a. Saturation
i. Limited number of carrier proteins
ii. This is why at first facilitated diffusion is faster than simple diffusion
b. Speed of conformational change
i. The rate of transport can never be greater than the speed of conformational change

91
Q
  1. What are the five factors that affect net diffusion?
A

a. Concentration gradient
b. Partition coefficient (K)
i. How soluble the molecule is
c. Diffusion coefficient
i. Size of the molecule and viscosity of the medium
d. Thickness of the membrane
i. The thicker the membrane, the slower the rate of diffusion
e. Surface area
i. The more surface area, the faster the diffusion

92
Q
  1. What is another name of net diffusion?
A

a. Flux, flow

93
Q
  1. What two factors determine the diffusion coefficient
A

a. Size of the molecule

b. Viscosity

94
Q
  1. The thicker the membrane, the ___ rate of diffusion?
A

a. Slower

95
Q
  1. The less surface area, the ___ rate of diffusion.
A

a. Sloweri. Example– if you spill water in one spot vs all over the table, the water that was spilled over the entire table will dry faster than the water in one spot

96
Q
  1. What are two factors that affect diffusion of electrolytes?
A

a. Potential difference

b. Diffusion potential

97
Q
  1. What is the difference between potential difference and diffusion potential?
A

a. Potential difference is the difference in electrical potential between the inside and outside of the cell
b. Diffusion potential is the potential difference generated across a membrane when a charged solute diffuses down its concentration gradient
i. Caused by diffusion of ion
ii. Can only occur it the membrane is permeable to the electrolyte

98
Q
  1. What is another name for the Nernst equation?
A

a. Equilibrium potential

99
Q
  1. If the cells in the ECF are more negative than the cells in the ICF, when will the negatively charged molecules stop entering the cell?
A

a. Based on the Nernst potential, they will stop when they are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction to the concentration force

100
Q
  1. Does primary active transport require ATP?
A

a. Yes

101
Q
  1. In active transport, substances move from a ___ to ___ area of concentration
A

a. Low—> high

102
Q
  1. What is an example of primary active transport?
A

a. Na+-K+ ATPase pump

103
Q
  1. In primary active transport is energy driven directly or indirectly?
A

a. Directly

104
Q
  1. This pump is responsible for maintaining high concentration of ___ outside the cell and a high concentration of ___ inside the cell.
A

a. Na+ outside

b. K+ inside

105
Q
  1. Uses ATP to move ___ Na+ out of the cell, and __ K+ into the cell.
A

a. 3 Na+

b. 2 K+

106
Q
  1. What is the importance of this pump?
A

a. Contributes to the negative resting membrane potential– electrogenic (10%)
b. Important for controlling cell volume
c. In some nerve cells, 60-70% of energy requirements is devoted to this pump
d. Maintaining osmotic pressure

107
Q
  1. What would happen if this pump stopped working?
A

a. Too much Na+ inside the cell
i. Increase osmotic pressure
ii. Cells would swell
iii. Burst
b. Stop nerve conduction

108
Q
  1. What is cardiac glycosides?
A

a. Class of drugs that inhibit the Na+-K+ ATPase pump

b. Examples: oubain and digitalis

109
Q
  1. In secondary active transport is energy driven directly or indirectly?
A

a. Indirectly

110
Q
  1. Uses the __ from the Na+-K+ ATPase pump to bring in other molecules into the cell.
A

a. Na+

111
Q
  1. Does glucose have a high concentration inside or outside of the cell?
A

a. Inside

112
Q
  1. How does glucose enter into the cell?
A

a. Using the Na+ electrochemical gradient

b. Rides in the Na+

113
Q
  1. What are the two types of secondary active transport?
A

a. Symport

b. Antiport

114
Q
  1. What is symport?
A

a. When the transported and cotransporter molecule go in the same direction

115
Q
  1. What is an example of symport?
A

a. SGLT1

116
Q
  1. Where are most of SGLT1 found?
A

a. Intestinal epithelial cells

117
Q
  1. What is antiport?
A

a. When the transporter and cotransporter molecule go in opposite directions
i. One is going into the cell and the other is going out of the cell

118
Q
  1. What is an example of antiport?
A

a. Na+- Ca+ exchanger
i. This also depends on the Na+-K+ ATPase pump
ii. Na+ goes into the cell, while Ca+ or H+ goes out
iii. Na+ that comes in gets kicked out via Na+-K+ ATPase pump

119
Q
  1. What is osmosis?
A

a. The flow of water across a semipermeable membrane due to a difference in solute concentration

120
Q
  1. True/ False: Osmosis is merely diffusion of water
A

a. False: it is NOT. Osmosis occurs because of a pressure difference

121
Q
  1. What is osmotic pressure?
A

a. The driving force for osmotic water flow

b. The difference in solute concentration creates and osmotic pressure difference across the membrane

122
Q
  1. What determines osmotic pressure?
A

a. Molar concentration

i. The number of particles per unit volume (regardless of its mass)

123
Q
  1. Particles roughly exert the same amount of pressure against the membrane regardless of its ____.
A

a. Mass

124
Q
  1. Water will always follow the side with ___ particles.
A

a. More

125
Q
  1. What is osmolarity?
A

a. The concentration of osmotically active particles expressed as osmoles/milliosmoles per liter- in solution

126
Q
  1. Quiz Questions: Assuming complete dissociation of all solutes, which of the following solution would be hyperosmotic to 1 mM NaCl?
A

a. 1 mM glucose
b. * 1 mM CaCl2
i. Have more active particles
c. 1 mM sucrose
d. 1 mM KCl

127
Q
  1. What is the difference between osmolarity and osmolality?
A

a. osmolaRity– is the concentration of osmotically active particles per kg/solution
b. OsmolaLity– is the concentration of osmotically active particles per kg/water

128
Q
  1. What is the normal level for plasma osmolality?
A

a. 280-294 mOsm/kg of water

129
Q
  1. The osmolality can increase with ____ or ___.
A

a. Water deficit

b. Sodium excess

130
Q
  1. Plasma osmolality is the same as ____.
A

a. Intracellular osmolality (ICF)

131
Q
  1. What is tonicity?
A

a. Related to the effect of the solution on the volume of a cell

132
Q
  1. What would happen if you put a cell into an isotonic solution?
A

a. No change

b. Osmolarity of the solution = ICF

133
Q
  1. What would happen if you put a cell into a hypertonic solution?
A

a. Cell would shrink

i. Because the solution has a higher osmolarity, the water will want to follow where there are more particles

134
Q
  1. What would happen if you put a cell into a hypotonic solution?
A

a. Cell would swell
i. Because the solution has a lower osmolarity than the cell, the water will follow the particles into the cell causing it to swell

135
Q
  1. What is does it mean for a red blood cell to become crenated?
A

a. Cell is shriveled up

b. Occurs when you place a cell in a hypertonic solution

136
Q
  1. What does it mean for a cell to become lysed?
A

a. Cell burst– cell death

b. Occurs when you place a cell in a very hypotonic solution

137
Q
  1. Why is common to see lysed cells in heart attacks?
A

a. The heart cell does not receive blood
b. With no blood means no energy
c. Cannot maintain Na+-K+ ATPase pump
d. Increase in Na+ in the cells
e. Water follows Na+ into the cell causing increase in osmolarity
f. Cell burst

138
Q
  1. What would happen if you added an isotonic NaCl solution to the ECF?
A

a. No change to the ICF
b. Increase in ECF
i. Seen when we want to increase things such as cardiac output

139
Q
  1. What would happen if you added a hypertonic NaCl solution to the ECF?
A

a. Osmosis of water to the ICF
b. Increase of osmolarity in ICF and ECF
c. Decrease volume of ICF
d. Increase volume of ECF

140
Q
  1. What would happen if you added a hypotonic NaCl solution to the ECF?
A

a. Decrease osmolarity
b. Increase volume of ICF
c. Increase volume of ECF
i. Adding fluid to the ECF

141
Q
  1. ___ accounts for almost 90% of the ECF, therefore it is an indicator of plasma osmolarity.
A

a. Na+

142
Q
  1. What is the normal range for Na+ levels?
A

a. 135-145 mEq/L

143
Q
  1. What is hyponatremia?
A

a. [Na+] < 135
b. Loss of NaCl
c. The most common electrolyte disorder in clinical practice

144
Q
  1. What causes hyponatremia?
A

a. Dehydration
b. Diarrhea
c. Vomiting
d. Overuse of diuretics (inhibits kidneys from retaining Na+)
e. SIADH (increased water retention–>dilutes Na+ and causes hypo-osmolarity)

145
Q
  1. Why is hyponatremia dangerous?
A

a. Causes brain cell edema

146
Q
  1. What are they symptoms of hyponatremia?
A

a. Headache
b. Nausea
c. Lethargy
d. Disorientation
e. Seizures
f. Coma
g. Herniation
h. Alter nerve and muscle action potentials and may cause twitching, depressed reflexes and weakness

147
Q
  1. How can hyponatremia be treated?
A

i. It can’t cross the BBB (blood brain barrier) so when it is administered intravenously it creates an osmotic gradient across the BBB and pulls water out of the brain tissue
ii. Has to be done slowly

148
Q
  1. What is the function of glial cells?
A

a. Reduce intracellular osmolytes to minimize cell swelling

b. Synthesize myelin which is essential for proper nerve conduction

149
Q
  1. What is osmotic demyelinization syndrome?
A

a. The glial cells shrink and die
i. If disturbed water balance is corrected too quickly, the glial cells dies
ii. Usually affects the pons

150
Q
  1. True/False: if this happens, there are medications to reverse the effects.
A

a. False– effects are often irreversible

151
Q
  1. Who is at greater risk for hyponatremia?
A

a. Elderly

i. Contributes to cognitive deficits, falls, fractures, and long-term hospitalizations

152
Q
  1. What is hypernatremia?
A

a. [Na+] > 145
b. Severe symptoms occur is > 160
c. Loss of water from ECF or excess Na+
d. Less common than hyponatremia

153
Q
  1. What are symptoms are hypernatremia?
A

a. Dehydration
b. Thirst, weight gain, bounding pulse, and increased blood pressure
c. Twitching, hyperreflexia, convulsions, cerebral hemorrhage

154
Q
  1. How do we treat hypernatremia?
A

a. SLOWLY giving hypo-osmotic solutions

DPT 6150 PHYSIOLOGY (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions