Week 1 Pre-Class Learning: Glucose Regulation - Hyperglycemia

Question 1

Review of glucose regulation diagram

Answer 1

Question 2

Which hormones increase blood glucose? (4)

Answer 2

• Epinephrine
• Cortisol
• Growth Hormone
• Glucagon

These are counter-regulatory, meaning they oppose insulin

Question 3

Which hormones decrease blood glucose? (2)

Answer 3

• GLP 1 (glucagon like peptide 1)
• Insulin

GLP 1 is in the gut and secreted when we eat

Question 4

Pathophysiology of Diabetes Mellitus 1 and 2 diagram

Answer 4

Question 5

What are the 3 goals of treatment for hyperglycemia?

Answer 5

1. Manage the symptoms
2. Prevent long-term complications
3. Manage euglycemia and glucose regulation

Question 6

What are symptoms of acute hyperglycemia? (7)

Answer 6

• Polyuria
• polydipsia
• polyphagia
• glucosuria
• weight gain or loss
• extremely tired
• blurred vision

Question 7

In chronic hyperglycemia, what are the effects of elevated sugars on the blood vessels overtime? (3)

Answer 7

1. Thickens basement membranes
2. Glucose toxicity
3. Chronic ischemia and micro ischemia

Question 8

Diabetes complications on the body diagram

Answer 8

Question 9

What are the 3 microvascular complications of diabetes?

Answer 9

1. Eye
2. Kidney
3. Neuropathy

Question 10

What are the 3 Macrovascular complications of diabetes?

Answer 10

1. Brain
2. Heart
3. Extremities

Question 11

How does diabetes affect the eyes? (2)

Answer 11

• High blood glucose and blood pressure can damage eye vessels
• causes retinopathy, cataracts and glaucoma

Question 12

How does diabetes affect the kidneys? (2)

Answer 12

• High blood pressure damages small blood vessels
• excess blood glucose overworks the kidneys, resulting in nephropathy

Question 13

How does diabetes affect neuropathy? (3)

Answer 13

• damages nerves in the peripheral nervous system
• may result in pain and/or numbness
• feet wounds may go undetected, infected and lead to gangrene

Question 14

How does diabetes affect the brain?

Answer 14

• Increases risk of stroke and cerebrovascular disease, including transient ischemic attack, cognitive impairment, etc.

Question 15

How does diabetes affect the heart?

Answer 15

• High blood pressure and resistance increase risk of coronary heart disease

Question 16

How does diabetes affect extremities? (3)

Answer 16

• PVD results from narrowing of blood vessels
• Increases risk for reduced or lack of blood flow in legs
• Feet wounds are likely to heal slowly, contributing to gangrene and other complications