Week 1 part 1

Question 1

DNA,RNA,Protein

Answer 1

Information biopolymers (different monomers)

info=seqiece in polymer chain

Question 2

Monomers

Answer 2

Common element (all the same)

characteristic element (maes it distinct)

Question 3

AFter polymerization

Answer 3

Common element joined by COVALENT BOND making the polymer @
“backbone”
the caracteristic element makes the side chain

Question 4

Polymer structure arise from…

Answer 4

the monomer chemistry

1 joinins site=2 monomers bond and no polymer

2 joining sites=linear polymers of infiniste lenght is possible (cans ometimes make a circle)

3 joinng sites=branches polymers are possible

Question 5

IB as polymer and polymer growth

Answer 5

Not branched (linear r more efficient)
assymetric monomers (different joining site on the same monomers)

polymer growth=unidirectional (rightward)

Question 6

Plymer/Monomer/Typical chian lenght

Answer 6

Nucleinc acids (DNA/RNA)=Nucleotids= 10^3 to10^8 for DNA and 20to10^4 for RNA

Protein=amino acids=100to 10^3

Question 7

Nucleotides
and joining site and growth

Answer 7

Heterocyclic base (base=amine)

5’ phosphate (negative charge…nucleic acid)
3’ OH (hydroxyl)… growth at 3’

Question 8

DNA vs RNA

Answer 8

Desoxyribose=C 2’ no hydroxyl

DNA is then more resistant to chain cleavge by hydrolisis (more stable in water)…

Question 8

BAsic nucleotides
and link

Answer 8

Basice nucleotide (N-glycosidic bond)

Purine (2 cycle): Adenine (A), Guanine (G)

Pyrimidines (1cycle): Uracile (U), Thymine (T),Cytosine (C)

Adjacent linked by phosphodiester

Question 9

Amino acids

Answer 9

Polymer backbone: C*
(only L stereoisomers not d)

Amino group and carboxyl group (growth at COOH)

Question 10

Different amino acids and link

Answer 10

Special-3
hydrophilic-9 (acidic and basic chain)
hydrophobic-8

adjacent linked by peptide bond

Question 11

Form of nucleotide

Answer 11

Nucleotide monomer: forme of high energu NUCLEOSIDE TRIPHOSPHATE (NTPs):

2 phosphate r removed when NTP is incorporated in a growing nucleic acid chain

ADN: Desoxyribo, dATP,dGTP, dGTP, dTTP

ARN: Ribo, ATP,UTP,GTP,CTP

Question 12

froms os amino acids

Answer 12

a.a. monomers are in forme of high energy amino acyl-tRNA esters:

tRNA is remobed when monomer incorporated to a growin protein chain

Question 13

Linkage Rx of monomers

Answer 13

Enzyme is associated with a template biopolumer that directs it to incorporate the correct monomer

Question 14

Biopolymer Templete Enzyme

Answer 14

DNA-DNA-DNA polyemrase
RNA-RNA-RNA polymerase
Protein-mRNA-ribosome

Question 15

DNA Strands

Answer 15

H-bonds between strands
Antiparallel
A-T: 2 H-bonds
C-G: 3 H-bonds

Sugar phosphate backbone outside

BAse pair stacked on inside

Right-handed helix named “B”-DNA

BNA-binding protein makes contact with base pairs at major/minor groove andidentify sequence w/o seperating the strands

Question 16

DNA strands seperation and T°

Answer 16

Sepration=melting/denaturation
they can accuratley re-form base-paired duplex DNA

T° at which DNA is 1/2 melted is Tm… it depends on its base composition
Tm highter if more G-C

DNA can bend about its long axis

Question 17

The central dogma of molecular biology

Answer 17

DNA–>DNA (DNA synthesis replication)
DNA–>RNA (RNA synthesis transcription)
RNA–>PROTEIN (Protein synthesis translation)

Question 18

Replcation

Answer 18

Biopolymer: DNA
template: DNA
enzyme: DNA polymerase (protein)

Question 19

transcription

Answer 19

biopolyner: RNA
template: DNA
enzyme: RNA polymerase (protein)

Question 20

translation

Answer 20

biopolymer: protein
template: mRNA
enzyme: ribosome (aminocyl tRNA (protein and RNA compenents) used by ribosome)

Question 21

Transcirption steps

Answer 21

Single stranded DNA locally melted by helicase of RNA polymerase=template

Promoters: Facilitate the initaial binding of RNA

Direcct interaction of template w/ incoming monomer (rNTP): Watson-Cricl base pairing (randomly diffused)

Nascent RNA chain antiparallel growing at the end by RNA polym.

CAtalyzes attacks of 3’-OH on alpha phsophate of incoming rNTP (beta and gama diphosphate r dropped)

DNA duplex reforms behind RNA polymerase and “kicks out” the new RNA strnads

Stopping sequence: DEstabilize tha ttachement of RNA

Question 22

Replication steps

Answer 22

Helicase unwind the strands to expose the template (DNA)

Replcation orgin start of synthesis 5’ to 3’ antiparallel DNA (grow at 3’)
monomers=nucleoside trophosphate
Direct interaction between DNA&monomers

CAtalyzes attacks of 3’-OH on alpha phsophate of incoming dNTP (beta and gama diphosphate r dropped)

Question 23

Replcation vs transcription

Answer 23

monomers:
T = rNTPs
R: dNTPs

start/stop site:
T=promoter+stop site on template
R: replication of origin+no stop site

Strands:
T=ONE STRAND IS TEMPLATE+RNA is seprated
R:2 STRANDS R TEMPLATE+DNA never seperates

Results::
T:1DNA=1DNA+1RNA
R: 1DNA=2DNA

Question 24

TRanslation steps

Answer 24

5’=NH2 3’=COOH
Nucleotide r read by group of 3=condons translated into a.a. (displacment of not 3,6,,9: framshift)

64 condons for 20 a.a.

Indirect ineraction between template &monomer
a.a. never touche mRNA becasue of the adaptor tNTP

tRNA transform nucleotide signal into a.a. signal
Ribosome, ribonucleo-protein particle (RNA+p) consisting of large sman subunits

Question 25

Ponctuation condons and RNa worl hypothesis

Answer 25

Start condons: AUG (met)
Stops condons: UAA, UAG, UGA

Key role of RNA in P synthsis:
Ribozome nature of the peptidyl transferase activity
Informational biopolymn before Ptoein even before dNA