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OTHY 200 - Neuroscience and Neurodevelopment > Week 1 - Overview > Flashcards

Week 1 - Overview Flashcards

1
Q

What are the primary functions of the nervous system?

A
  • sensory input
  • integration (processing, interpreting and sending information)
  • motor output (response)
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2
Q

What is neuroscience?

A

The study of the anatomy, physiology and pathophysiology of the nervous system and its implications on the rest of the body.

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3
Q

What are the two main divisions of the nervous system?

A

Peripheral nervous system (PNS) and Central nervous system (CNS)

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4
Q

What are the two divisions of the peripheral nervous system?

A

Autonomic nervous system and somatic nervous system

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5
Q

What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

A

sympathetic and parasympathetc nervous systems

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6
Q

What are the functions of the autonomic nervous system?

A

controls internal activities of organs and glands

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7
Q

What are the functions of the somatic nervous system?

A

controls external action of skin and muscles

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8
Q

What is the difference between the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems?

A
  • parasympathetic = calming

- sympathetic = arousing

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9
Q

What are the two functional classifications of neurons?

A
  • Afferent: towards CNS

- Efferent: from CNS

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10
Q

What are the components of the central nervous system?

A

brain and spinal cord

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11
Q

What are the components of the peripheral nervous system?

A

cranial and spinal nerves that connect the body to the CNS

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12
Q

What are the four main components of the brain?

A
  1. Cerebral hemispheres
  2. Diencephalon
  3. Brainstem
  4. Cerebellum
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13
Q

What links the brain stem to the cerebral hemisphere?

A

Diencephalon

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14
Q

What are the three planes/sectional terms used when referring to the brain? What do they cut the brain into?

A
  • coronal: front and back
  • horizontal: top and bottom
  • mid-sagittal: left and right
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15
Q

What are the directional terms used when describing the brain? Explain each

A
  • ventral: anterior
  • dorsal: posterior
  • Rostral: superior (towards beak)
  • Caudal: Inferior (towards spinal cord)
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16
Q

Explain the reason why the brain is given different directional terms

A

The brain is tilted forward, changing the axis of the CNS

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17
Q

How would you describe the position of the cerebellum in respect to the brainstem?

A

cerebellum is dorsal to the brain stem

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18
Q

What are the
a. elevations
b. depressions
of the brain called?

A

a. gyrus (gyri)

b. sulcus (sulci)

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19
Q

What separates the two hemispheres of the brain?

A

longitudinal fissure

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20
Q

Is it a layer of grey or white matter on the cortex?

A

grey

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21
Q

What side of the brain controls what side of the body?

A

opposite side of the brain controls opposite side of the body

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22
Q

Where are the sensory structures of the brain generally located?

A

top of the brain (dorsal)

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23
Q

Where are the motor aspects of the brain generally located?

A

bottom of the brain (ventral aspect)

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24
Q

What does grey matter consist of? Why is it a grey colour?

A

cell bodies of neurons. Grey due to the density of structures i.e. organelles

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25
Q

What does white matter consist of? Why is it a white colour?

A

axonal sections of neural. White due to the myelin sheaths which is a fatty tissue

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26
Q

What matter are cortex, nucleus, horn and ganglia made up of?

A

grey

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27
Q

What matter are tracts/pathways, commisure, capsules and leminiscus made up of?

A

white

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28
Q

what is the cortex?

A

superficial layer of the cerebrum consisting of grey matter

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29
Q

What are the four lobes of the brain?

A
  • frontal
  • parietal
  • temporal
  • occipital
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30
Q

What is the functional role(s) of the frontal lobe?

A
  • movement
  • attention
  • planning
  • social skills
  • abstract thinking
  • memory
  • some aspects of personality
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31
Q

What is the functional role(s) of the occipital lobe?

A
  • vision

- processing visual information

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32
Q

What is the functional role(s) of the parietal lobe?

A
  • touch
  • detecting movement in the environment
  • locating objects in space
  • vestibular sense
  • complex visual processing
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33
Q

What is the functional role(s) of the temporal lobe?

A
  • audition
  • language comprehension
  • abstract knowledge
  • memory
34
Q

describe where the longitudinal fissure is located?

A

between the two cerebral hemispheres, separates them

35
Q

describe where the lateral sulcus is

A

boundary between temporal, frontal and parietal lobes

36
Q

describe where the pre, post and central gyri are

A
  • central boundary between frontal and parietal lobes
  • pre-central gyri is rostral to central gyrus
  • post-central gyri is caudal to central gyrus
37
Q

Describe the corpus callosum

A

white matter structure that acts as a bridge between the left and right cerebral hemispheres

38
Q

Describe the calcarine sulcus

A

divides the occipital lobe into two halves of visual field

- top half of occipital controls lower half of visual field and vice versa

39
Q

What are the main specialized cortical regions?

A
  • primary motor cortex
  • primary somatosensory cortex
  • primary hearing cortex
  • primary visual cortex
  • broca’s area
  • wernicke’s area
40
Q

What are some examples of deep grey areas of the cerebrum?

A
  • basal ganglia nuclei
  • caudate nucleus
  • lentiform nucleus
41
Q

what are the two types of lentiform nuclei?

A
  • globus pallidus

- putamen

42
Q

What are Brodmann areas?

A

numerical system for locating different functional areas of the cortex

43
Q

what are the three classifications of white matter fibers in the cerebrum?

A
  • projection fibers
  • commissural fibers
  • association fibers
44
Q

Where do projection fibers travel?

A

connect brain with the brain stem and spinal cord

45
Q

name three examples of projection fibres

A
  • corona radiata
  • internal capsule
  • optic radiations
46
Q

where do commissural fibres travel?

A

corresponding regions of the two hemispheres

47
Q

list two examples of commissural fibres

A
  • corpus callosum

- anterior commissure

48
Q

where do association fibres travel?

A

connects within one hemisphere - ipsilateral

49
Q

where do short association fibres travel?

A

adjacent gyri

50
Q

what are some types of long association fibres?

A

longitudinal fasciculus and uncinate fasciculus

51
Q

What is cerebrospinal fluid?

A

Ultra-filtrate of blood made by choroid plexus inside the ventricles

52
Q

where does CSF circulate within to nourish the brain?

A

ventricles

53
Q

what are the functions of the brainstem?

A
  • serves as a conduit for ascending and descending tracts
  • reflex control centers
  • regulation of cardiac, respiration, vasomotor, vomiting, coughing and swallowing
  • pain modulation centre
  • reticular formation (alters levels of consciousness)
54
Q

What cranial nerves does the brain stem contain?

A

III - XII (3 - 12)

55
Q

What is the order of structures in the brainstem from superior to inferior?

A

midbrain, pons, medulla

56
Q

What are the functions of afferent neurons and where do their cell bodies reside?

A

relays sensory information to the CNS. Cell bodies within the PNS

57
Q

What are the functions of efferent neurons and where do their cell bodies reside?

A

effects visceral and somatic structures. Cell bodies reside in the CNS

58
Q

Name some examples of nerves that are part of the PNS

A
  • spinal nerves
  • cranial nerves
  • spinal ganglia
  • autonomic ganglia
59
Q

Name the cranial nerves

A 
I - Olfactory
II - Optic
III - Occulomotor
IV - Trochlear
V - Trigeminal 
VI - Abducens
VII - Facial
VIII - Vestibulocochlear
IX - Glossopharyngeal
X - Vagus
XI - Accessory
XII - Hypoglossal
60
Q

State the functions of cranial nerves I - IV

A

I - Olfactory regulates sense of smell
II - Optic regulates vision
III - Occulomotor regulates movement of the eyeball, pupillary constriction and accommodation and elevation of the eye lid
IV - Trochlear regulates movement of the eyeball

61
Q

For cranial nerves I - IV state what their component fibres are

A

I - sensory
II - sensory
III - motor and parasympathetic
IV - motor

62
Q

State the functions of cranial nerves V - VIII

A

V - trigeminal regulates general sensation, mastication and tension of tympanic membrane
VI - Abducens regulates movement of the eyeball
VII - Facial regulates taste, tension of bones in middle ear, salivation and lacrimation and facial movement
VIII - vestibulocochlear regulates vestibular sense (head in relation to the environment) and hearing

63
Q

For cranial nerves V - VIII state what their component fibres are

A

V - sensory and motor
VI - motor
VII - sensory, motor and parasympathetic
VIII - sensory

64
Q

State the functions of cranial nerves IX - XII

A

IX - glossopharyngeal general sensation, taste, swallowing, salivation and chemo- and baroreception
X - vagus controls general sensation, chemo- and baroreception, visceral sensation, speech, swallowing, control of cardiovascular, respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts
XI - accessory controls movement of head and shoulder
XII - hypoglossal regulates movement of the tongue

65
Q

For cranial nerves IX - XII, state what their component fibres are

A

IX - sensory, motor and parasympathetic
X - sensory, motor and parasympathetic
XI - Motor
XII - Motor

66
Q

What structures make up the diencephalon?

A

hypothalamus, thalamus, epithalamus and subthalamus

67
Q

What is the function(s) of the diencephalon?

A
  • autonomic and endocrine function control
  • directs sense impulses throughout the body
  • motor function control
  • homeostasis
  • hearing, vision, smell and taste
  • touch perception
68
Q

What is the function of the brainstem?

A

connects brain to spinal cord, maintains visceral functioning and coordinates reflexes

  • conduit for ascending and descending tracts
  • reflex control centres
  • respiration
  • vasomotor
  • vomitting
  • heart rate
  • cardiac centre
  • coughing
  • swallowing
69
Q

What does the midbrain do?

A

communication and control in motor systems, hearing, vision and reflexes for visual and auditory stimuli

70
Q

What does the pons do?

A

relays info from ear, face and teeth and signals of mastication, facial expression and some eye movements

71
Q

What does the medulla oblongata do?

A

controls autonomic functions (visceral)

72
Q

What does the cerebellum do?

A

recieves sensory info, spinal cord and regulates motor movements i.e. balance, posture, coordination and speech

73
Q

Where can the primary motor cortex be found? What is its function?

A
  • found on the pre-central gyrus of the frontal lobe

- generates skeletal muscle contraction

74
Q

Where can the primary somatosensory cortex be found? What is its function?

A
  • post-central gyrus of the parietal lobe

- conscious perception of touch, pressure, pain, vibration, taste and temperature

75
Q

Where can the primary auditory cortex be found? What is its function?

A
  • temporal lobe

- conscious perception of audition

76
Q

Where can the primary visual cortex be found? What is its function?

A
  • occipital lobe

- conscious perception of visual stimuli

77
Q

Where can Broca’s area be found? What is its function?

A
  • neural cortex of the left cerebral hemisphere on frontl lobe
  • speech production
78
Q

Where can Wernicke’s area be found? What is its function?

A
  • left cerebral hemisphere on temporal lobe

- language comprehension and construction

79
Q

Where can the internal capsule be found?

A

near basal ganglia

80
Q

Where can the
- lateral ventricles
- third vetricle
be found?

A
  • occipital and temporal regions

- between thalamus and hypothalamus

81
Q

What is the function of the ventricular system?

A

production and circulation of CSF in the brain

82
Q

describe the process of CSF circulation as part of the ventricular system

A

lateral ventricle -> intraventricular foramen -> 3rd ventricle -> cerebral aqueduct -> 4th ventricle -> spinal cord

OTHY 200 - Neuroscience and Neurodevelopment (1 decks)

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