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PSYC08 - Advanced Data Analysis > Week 1 - Outlining the Basics (Review) > Flashcards

Week 1 - Outlining the Basics (Review) Flashcards

1
Q

What are statistics? What is the overarching goal of statistics?

A

Statistics are mathematical procedures for collecting, organizing, summarizing, and interpreting large amounts of data.

Goals: To understand variability in data.

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2
Q

What are the two main purposes of statistics?

A
  1. Describing data sets by organizing and summarizing them

2. Inferring properties of a population by testing hypotheses and finding estimates from sample data.

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3
Q

What is a population? What is a parameter?

A

The population is the set of all individuals of interest in a particular study.
A parameter is a value that describes a population.

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4
Q

What is a sample?

A

A set of individuals selected from a population intended to represent the population in a research study.

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5
Q

What is a statistic? What are statistical results used to estimate and when can you use statistical results?

A

A statistic is a value that describes a sample.

Statistical results are used to estimate population parameters and can only be used to generalize when the sample is REPRESENTATIVE.

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6
Q

What is an example of population and a representative sample of the said population?

A

Population eg: University students in Ontario

Representative Sample: A handful of uni students from each program and year from each university in Ontario.

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7
Q

Are samples the same thing as a population?

A

Samples are not the same thing as a population as they only contain a subset of the whole population. This means they can sometimes underestimate or overestimate the characteristics of the population.

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8
Q

What is a variable?

A

Characteristic or condition that changes or has different values for different individuals.

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9
Q

What are the two main types of variables and how do the two types of variables differ?

A

Independent Variable (IV) - “independent” because it is supposed to be random with respect to all other variables in the population of interest.

Dependent Variable (DV) - not random; influenced by IV

IV is manipulated while DV is measured/observed

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10
Q

What are discrete variables? What are continuous variables?

A

Discrete variables have separate, indivisible categories while continuous variables have an infinite number of possible values that fall between any two observed values.

Discrete variables include all categorical/qualitative and some quantitative variables. (eg. # of people, countries, types of dogs).

Continuous variables include measurement/quantitative variables (eg. height, weight)

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11
Q

What is a nominal scale? What are some examples?

A

Nominal scales are when data is organized by unordered categories that can be organized by name. The distinction between observations is not quantitative in nature.

Examples: favorite colors, Type of animal one owns, gender***, mode of transport

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12
Q

What is an ordinal scale? What are some examples?

A

These scales are used for categorical variables that are ordered or ranked. These scales tend to have a direction.
Examples: Positions in a race, income level, level of education, Likert scales

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13
Q

What is an interval scale? What are some examples?

A

When variable changes and there is no 0 value???

Examples: Temperature in *C or *F,

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14
Q

What is a ratio scale? What are some examples?

A

When the variable changes by the same amount and there is a 0 value in the scale.

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15
Q

How do ordinal scales differ from interval scales? How do interval scales differ from ratio scales?

A

ummmmmm

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16
Q

Why does it matter which scale of measurement we use?

A

a

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17
Q

What tests can we use with interval and ratio data? Why are these tests preferred?

A

a

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18
Q

What type of scales do Likert scales fall under? Why do we use Likert scales with parametric tests?

A

a

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19
Q

What tests can we use with non-parametric tests?

A

a

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20
Q

What is between-subjects design? What is repeated-measures/within-subjects design?

A

When some participants are in one condition and other participants are in another condition.

When all participants experience all conditions of the study.

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21
Q

What are the advantages of between-subjects design? What are the advantages of within-subjects design?

A

a

22
Q

What are the disadvantages of between-subjects design? What are the disadvantages of within-subjects design?

A

s

23
Q

What are descriptive statistics?

A

a

24
Q

What are the three (main) ways of describing data?

A
  1. Shape (Distribution Type)
  2. Central Tendency (Mean, Median, Mode)
  3. Variability (Range, IQ Range, Variance, Standard Deviation)
25
Q

What is symmetrical distribution?

A

When both sides of the distribution (ie. from the mean value) are equivalent in shape.

26
Q

What are skewed distributions? How do the means and medians compare on positively skewed data vs. negatively skewed data?

A

When data points gather at one side or the other of the graph.

  1. Positively skewed distribution (tail is at the larger side): Mean > Median
  2. Negatively skewed distribution (tail is at the shorter side): Median > Mean
27
Q

What is kurtosis???? What are the different types of distribution as defined by kurtosis?

A

ummmm Check textbook

28
Q

What are outliers? What is non-normality and when is this more common?

A

Data points that seem far away from the bulk of the data???

Non-normality is when the data does not have one particular type of distribution; common with smaller sample sizes.

29
Q

What is a central tendency?

A

A measure of the middle values of the data set?

30
Q

What are the three central tendency measures?

A

Mean, Median, Mode

31
Q

How do you calculate mean? (include equations)

A

Add all data points and divide by the number of data points there are in the data set.

32
Q

How do you calculate the median? (include equations)

A
  1. Arrange data points from smallest to largest
  2. Calculate the midpoint (include image here)
  3. Find the midpoint within the data set
33
Q

In multimodal distribution are the medians and means meaningful?

A

No.

Thus, unimodal distributions are generally preferred.

34
Q

When does the mean equal the median and the mode?

A

When you have a normal distribution.

35
Q

Which central tendencies are mostly used for statistical analyses?

A

Mean and median.

36
Q

What is variability?

A

The spread of the data around the central tendency.

37
Q

What is the range? What is the interquartile range?

A

Range: Difference between the largest value and smallest value

IQ Range: Difference between value at Q3 and Q1

38
Q

What are the problems with using range?

A
  1. You cannot always accurately gauge variability

2. ????

39
Q

Why is the interquartile range potentially misleading?

A

It produces smaller variability????

40
Q

What is variance? What is standard deviation?

A

ummm forgot how to describe this????

41
Q

How do you calculate variance and standard deviation? What is the relationship between variance and standard deviation?

A

The sq. root of variance is the SD

42
Q

What is degrees of freedom and why do we use it n-1 for sample variance and sample STDV?

A

Degrees of freedom are…….

43
Q

How will the variability for a sample differ from the variability of its population and why does it differ?

A

The variability of the sample underestimates the variability of the population. It differs because a sample tends to include data points from the most frequent part of the population.

44
Q

What is a sampling error?

A

A sampling error is the naturally occurring discrepancy, or error, that exists between a sample statistic and the corresponding parameter.

45
Q

What are the strengths and weaknesses of the mode?

A

t

46
Q

What characteristics of the sample statistics do we want?

A

r

47
Q

What are the strengths and weaknesses of the median?

A

t

48
Q

What are the strengths and weaknesses of mean?

A

y

49
Q

Why is the sample variance biased before correcting with “n-1”?

A

t

50
Q

What is the standard error of the mean? (SEM) How do you calculate it?

A

r

PSYC08 - Advanced Data Analysis (11 decks)

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