Week 1 - Normal distributions, z scores Flashcards
What is systematic variation?
Variation due to a genuine effect or experimental manipulation.
What is unsystematic variartion?
Variation that is not due to the effect we are interested in.
This could be due to natural individual differences.
The larger the unsystematic variation…
The smaller the test statistic.
- Larger amounts of unsystematic variation mean the overall variability in the data is higher
- and it is harder to detect a signficant effect because there is more ‘‘noise’’ from the insystematic variation
what is the equaiton for Test Statistic
Systematic variation / Unsystematic variation
For a normally distributed set of data:
- The distribution is symmetrical about the mean
- The values for the mean, mode, and median are the same
- Approximately 68% of the scores fall within +/- 1 standard deviation
For a normal distribution what percentage of scores falls between 1.96 and +1.96 Standard deviations?
95%
What does a Z-Score indicate?
It indicates the number of standard deviations a score is from the mean
Z = your score - mean score / standard deviation
What is a sampling distribution?
A distribution of frequencies for a sample statistic (such as means)
What is the standard error?
The standard deviation of a sampling distribution
What is ‘‘deontology of research’’ concerned with?
That research is carried out through ethical actions
What are research ethics evaluated by?
The balance between value of the outcomes and morality of the research actions
The first internationally agreed ethics principles of human research constituted…
The Helsinki Decleration
- The distribution is symmetrical about the mean
Milgram’s (1963) studies on obedience would be nowadays considered unethical because…
it decieved participants
The Stanford Prison Experiment would nowadays be considered unethical because…
- Researchers did not have the responsibility to care for the paritcipants
- Participants were not alllowed to freely withdraw from the study
The Tuskegee Syphilis study did not offer participants a cure for the disease because…
- The goal of the study was to understand how the disease progresses and develops
Name some principle of the BPS code of Human Research Ethics?
- The respect of the autonomy and dignity of persons
- The scientific value of the research
- The social responsibility of the researchers
- The goal of maximising benefits while minimising harm
- Participants must be protected from harm
- Participants must consent freely
- Participants must be fully debriefed
What is NOT a principle of the BPS code of Human Research Ethics?
- Researchers must protect individual participants
- Participants must be rewarded for volunteering
Are participants protected from harm by an accurate risk assessment?
YES
Deception is acceptable as part of a psychological study only when….
- There is no foreseeable harm to participants
What is unethical?
- No compensation given after withdrawl
Who holds the responsibility to guarantee that research is ethically conducted?
- The individual researcher
