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Neurotransmitters > Week 1 - Neurotransmitters > Flashcards

Week 1 - Neurotransmitters Flashcards

1
Q

voltage gated channels in neurons

A

Na+, Ca2+

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2
Q

ligand gated channels in neurons

A

glutamate, GABA (Cl-), 5 HT, nicotinic (Na+)

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3
Q

types of channels in neurons

A

voltage gated, ligand gated

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4
Q

types of receptors in neurons

A

ligand gated channels, metabatropic, most are G coupled receptors

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5
Q

ligand gated channels in neurons as receptors

A

open briefly, fast action, ex: glutamate receptor

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6
Q

metabatropic receptors in neurons

A

receptor interacts with GTP-binding protein, modulates voltage gated channels (enhances K channels, inhibits Ca channels), typically for NTs, inhibitory, slower, G-coupled protein, activated G protein modulates ion channels

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7
Q

synaptic transmission

A

presynaptic membrane depolarizes, Ca2+ channels activated, Ca2+ entry into presynaptic axon terminal - promotes vesicle docking, release of vesicular contents, NT diffuses across synapse, NT binds to receptor and changes postsynaptic membrane potential by depolarizing (excitatory) or hyperpolarization (inhibitory) or presynaptic inhibition

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8
Q

mechanisms of action of drugs on NT

A

block presynaptic action potential, increase NT synthesis, change NT storage, change metabolism of NT, change NT release, change NT reuptake, change NT degradation, change NT receptor, change post synpatic ion conductance

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9
Q

hierarchical neuronal systems

A

alinged linearly, ex: sensory perception and motor control

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10
Q

diffuse neuronal systems

A

not highly ordered, effect many regions of the brain with diffusion of NT, ex: monoaminergic neurons - norepinephrine, dopamine, 5 hydroxytryptamine

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11
Q

neurons

A

release NT in response to depolarization, synthesize and store NT

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12
Q

glutamate

A

NT, hierarchical, excitatory, motor pathways, acts on AMPA, NMDA and Kainic acid receptors; can inhibit NT presynaptically

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13
Q

AMPA receptor

A

glutamate + AMPA acts on it, motor pathway, increased Na+ and K+, excitatory

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14
Q

NMDA receptor

A

glutamate + NMDA acts on it, memory, needs depolarized membrane to work, increases Ca2+, Na+, K+, glycine, excitatory

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15
Q

Kainic acid receptor (kainate)

A

glutamate + kainate works on it, excitatory, increases Na+ and K+, motor pathways

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16
Q

GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)

A

NT, hierarchical, inhibitory, motor, take away GABA and lose control of fine movements

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17
Q

GABA-a

A

Cl channel GABA receptor, Cl- channels activated = cell hyperpolarization

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18
Q

GABA-b

A

metabatropic GABA receptor, augements K+ or inhibits Ca2+ channels, inhibits adenylyl cyclase

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19
Q

Benzodiazepine

A

activate GABA receptors, cause sedation through neuronal inhibition

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20
Q

Baclofen

A

GABA receptor agonist, relaxes muscles

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21
Q

glycine

A

NT, hierarchical, inhibitory, motor, in brainstem and spinal cord, receptor is Cl- permeable = hyperpolarizing

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22
Q

strychnine

A

glycine receptor antagonist, blocks inhibition of motor activity = spastic paralysis

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23
Q

acetylcholine

A

NT, diffuse, excitatory, cognitive (memory), nicotinic and muscarinic receptors

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24
Q

nicotinic receptor

A

for acetylcholine, motor, ligand gated Na+ channel that causes depolarization, 5 transmembrane subunits, each subunit 4 transmembrane alpha helices, 2 ACh binding sites

25
Q

muscarinic receptor

A

metabotropic receptor, reduces cAMP or increases Ca2+ or increases K+ permeability, cognitive function and memory

26
Q

dopamine

A

NT, diffuse, inhibitory (motor stimulation via inhibiting inhibitor GABA), D1 and D2 receptors

27
Q

D1 receptors

A

for dopamine, suppresses GABA release (inhibits an inhibitor of movement), increases K+ conductance, substantia nigra, depleted in Parkinson’s, likely associated with Tourrette’s

28
Q

D2 receptors

A

for dopamine, limbic, slow inhibitory action, antipsychotics antagonize this receptor, some antidepressants prevent dopamine reuptake, involved in psychoses

29
Q

norepinephrine

A

NT, diffuse, inhibitory, motor, increases K+ conductance, acts on alpha2 receptors

30
Q

alpha 2 receptors

A

for norepinephrine, increases K+ conductance, receptor agonists are muscle spasmolytics

31
Q

alpha 1 and beta receptors

A

for norepinephrine, attention and arousal

32
Q

serotonin (5 hydroxytryptamine)

A

NT, diffuse, abundant in midline pons, excitatory, ionotropic and metabotropic receptors

33
Q

5HT3 receptor

A

for serotonin, ionotropic, excitatory, conducts cations

34
Q

5HT2a receptor

A

for serotonin, metabotropic, inhibitory, block receptor to help schizophrenia and bipolar, serotonin reuptake inhibitors increase serotonin at this receptor = anti-depressant

35
Q

opiods

A

NT, diffuse, inhibitory, suppress pain, acts on mu / delta / kappa receptors, decreases Ca+ and cAMP, works in spinal cord

36
Q

thujone

A

molecule in l’absinthe, GABAa receptor blocker, has a depressive effect

37
Q

biogenic amines

A

group of NT that are small and amino acid related, enzymes that make NT made in nucleus and transported down axon slowly, look like many small vesicles in axon terminal

38
Q

neuropeptides

A

group of NT that are large peptides, made in nucleus and transported down axon quickly on microtubule tracks, enzymes modify at axon terminal

39
Q

definition of NT

A

present at synapse, released when neuron is stimulated, receptors for NT, NT gets same response and has agonists / antagonists

40
Q

recycling of synpatic vesicles on presynaptic terminal

A

takes 1 min, exocytosis - edosome budding, docking, priming, fusion; endocytosis - budding, back to endosome

41
Q

botulinum and tetanus toxins

A

effect SNARE proteins involved in vesicle fusion, Clostridium spcs. toxins, Zn+ proteases that cleave SNARE proteins

42
Q

latrotoxin

A

triggers vesicle fusion and release of contents without Ca2+, black widow spider venom

43
Q

VGLUT

A

presynaptic protein, vesicular glutamate transporter

44
Q

V-ATPase

A

presynaptic protein, vesicular ATPase transporter

45
Q

SNAP25 / syntaxin / synaptobrevin

A

presynaptic protein, involved in docking and fusion of vesicles

46
Q

SNARE proteins

A

alpha helices, docking and fusion of vesicle, v-SNARE and t-SNARE

47
Q

ionotropic receptors in neurons

A

for NTs, fast, ligand-gated ion channel

48
Q

acetylcholine synthesis

A

enzyme choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), acetyl CoA + choline –> acetylcholine (ACh)

49
Q

acetylcholine degradation

A

enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE), acetylcholine (ACh) –> acetic acid + choline

50
Q

curare

A

antagonist at nicotinic ACh receptor

51
Q

atropine

A

antagonist at muscarinic ACh receptor

52
Q

ACh cycling at presynaptic neuron and synapse

A

ACh vesicle –> synapse –> nicotinic or muscarinic receptor –> AChE breakdown into acetic acid and choline –> choline / Na+ cotransporter –> ChAT makes ACh from choline and acetyl CoA –> ACh transporter into vesicle

53
Q

nerve agent

A

organophosphate, chemical weapon, serine gas, inhibits AChE

54
Q

atropene

A

Tx nerve agent, blocks stimulation at muscarinic receptor

55
Q

tupan

A

tx nerve gas, reactivates AChE, problem - can’t get into brain

56
Q

glutamate cycling between neurons and glia (astrocytes)

A

(presynaptic terminal) glutamine + enzyme glutaminase –> glutamate –> enters vesicle via VGLUT –> enters synpase –> interacts with glutamate receptors –> taken up by astrocyte via EATT –> enzyme glutamine synthase –> glutamine –> release by astrocyte via EATT –> taken up by neuron via EATT (excitatory amino acid transporter)

57
Q

excitotoxicity

A

unrestrained release of glutamate at synapse, leads to cell death of postsynaptic cells, stroke / trauma / seizure can allow too much Ca2+ and Na+ into postsynaptic cell, Ca2+ –> makes NO radical and CaMKs for mitochondrial damage and activates proteases for nuclear damage, Na+ –> Cl- influx and water swelling / cell lysis

58
Q

action of endocannabinoids

A

Ca2+ enters postsynaptic cell –> enzyme releases endocannabinoids from postsnyaptic cell –> taken up by presynaptic cell via cannabinoid receptor (CB1) –> G protein activated –> opens CA2+ channels on presynaptic cell –> vesicular release

Neurotransmitters (1 decks)

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