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SUM'20 - Anatomy & Physiology > Week 1 - Neuroanatomy 1 of 4 > Flashcards

Week 1 - Neuroanatomy 1 of 4 Flashcards

1
Q

The two principal cell types of the nervous system are:

A
  1. neurons 2. Supporting cells
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2
Q

Neurons are:

A

excitable cells that transmit electrical signals

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3
Q

supporting cells are

A

cells that surround and wrap neurons

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4
Q

another name for supporting cells

A

neuroglia or glial cells

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5
Q

Function of supporting cells:

A
  • provide supportive scaffolding for neurons - segregate and insulate neurons - *Guide young neurons to the proper connections - promote health and growth of neurons
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6
Q

Name the 4 kinds of supporting cells

A
  1. Astrocytes 2. Microglia 3. Ependymal Cells 4. Oligodendrocytes
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7
Q

Astrocytes are:

A

-star shaped -most abundant - versatile - glial cell (supporting cell)

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8
Q

Astrocytes cling to neurons and their synaptic endings and cover _____. Forming the _____.

A
  • cover capillaries - form the BBB
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9
Q

Astrocytes 4 functions:

A
  1. Support and brace neurons 2. Anchor neurons to their nutrient supplies 3. Guide migration of young neurons 4. Control the chemical environment
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10
Q

The most abundant CNS neuroglia are:

A

astrocytes

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11
Q

Astrocytoma

A

most common brain tumor d/t the rapid turnover of cell growth/reproduction

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12
Q

Describe Microglia

A

-small and white -oval shaped - have spiny processes

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13
Q

Role of microglia

A

Protect from infection

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14
Q

Protection from infection comes from what glial cells?

A

microglia

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15
Q

Functional names of Microglia cells (2 types)

A
  1. Macrophages (Pacman) of CNS - immune sys and environmental health
  2. Phagocytes that monitor the health of neurons
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16
Q

Ependymal cells shape

A

range from squamous to columnar

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17
Q

Where are epdenymal cells found?

A

they line the central cavities of the - Brain & spinal column

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18
Q

Like the choroid plexus, ependymal cells do what;

A

secrete CSF

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19
Q

This cell secretes CSF

A

ependymal cells

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20
Q

what cell has cilia with the function to help circulate CSF?

A

ependymal cells

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21
Q

What feature of an ependymal cell is unique to the cells role in secretion and circulation of CSF?

A

they cilia

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22
Q

Oligodendrocytes are similar to what other cell types?

A

Schwann and Satellite cells

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23
Q

Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells form

A

myelin sheaths

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24
Q

Oligodendrocytes form myelin sheaths in the:

A

CNS

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25
Q

Schwann cells form myelin sheaths in the:

A

peripheral nervous system

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26
Q

What’s the difference in Schwann cells and Olidgodendrocytes?

A

Where they form myelin sheaths: - schwann cells : PNS - Oligodendrocytes: CNS

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27
Q

role of myelination?

A

provide insulation “the coat around the nerve”

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28
Q

satellite cells surround cell bodies with

A

ganglia

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29
Q

The BBB is formed by 3 structures:

A
  1. Astrocyte processes
  2. Basement membrane
  3. Very tight junctions b/w brain capillary endothelial cells
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30
Q

the BBB is the barrier b/w

A

cerebral capillary blood and the CSF

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31
Q

CSF fills what spaces:

A
  • Ventricles - Subarachnoid space
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32
Q

The BBB consists of the endothelial cells of the

A
  1. cerebral capillaries 2. choroid plexuses epithelium
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33
Q

Endothelial cells in cerebral blood vessels are joined together by

A

exceptionally “tight” junctions; nearly fused

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34
Q

The lack of ___ makes the BBB

A

pores

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35
Q

What can cross the BBB by carrier-mediated transport mechanism?

A

Glucose and amino acids

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36
Q

How do glucose and amino acids cross the BBB?

A

carrier mediated transport

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37
Q

Non-polar/lipid soluble substances cross the BBB by

A

diffusion

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38
Q

do non-polar/lipid soluble or polar/water soluble substances cross the BBB more readily?

A

non-polar/lipid soluble substances

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39
Q

Can CO2, O2 and anesthetics cross the BBB?

A

yes

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40
Q

Can ions, proteins, and large substances (i.e. mannitol) cross the BBB?

A

No

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41
Q

How does water move across the BBB?

A

freely - consequence of bulk flow.

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42
Q

How might the BBB be disrupted?

A
  • Seizures - Strokes - HTN - Hypercapnia - Hypoxia - Infection - Tumors - Trauma “S.S.H.H.H.I.T.T.” ;)
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43
Q

What areas of the brain do not have a BBB?

A
  • Vomiting center - Hypothalamus (osmotic center) - *chemical centers — need blood for “testing”
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44
Q

Vasogenic Edema

A
  • result from infarction - Destroys the BBB
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45
Q

What is Kernicterus

A

when bile/bilirubin crosses an immature BBB in a newborn - jaundice in a nb - damage basal ganglia

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46
Q

why is mannitol (hyper osmolar injection) given?

A

to open the BBB -for chemo –> to open BBB for a short time to all the neoplastic agent to be available to a brain tumor

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47
Q

Functions of the BBB:

A
  1. Maintain a constant environment for neurons - protects brain from endo/exogenous toxins 2. Prevents the escape of NT from their functional sites in the CNS in to the general circulation. 3. Allows Lipid soluble drugs to cross BBB readily (more so than water soluble drugs)
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48
Q

Inflammation, irradiation, and tumors may destroy the BBB and permit entry into the brain substances that….

A

are usually excluded - abx -radiolabeled markers

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49
Q

The brain is protected by:

A
  1. bone 2. meninges 3. CSF
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50
Q

Harmful substances are shielded from the brain by the

A

BBB

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51
Q

The Dura Mater has two layers, what are they?

A
  1. Periosteal 2. Meningeal
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52
Q

The meningeal layer of the Dura mater forms the

A

Superior sagittal Sinus

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53
Q

A sinus is a

A

dilated vein

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54
Q

The function of the superior sagittal sinus:

A

it is the venous drain for the brain. - for CSF

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55
Q

The meninges are:

A

three connective tissue membranes lie external to the CNS

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56
Q

Name the 3 meninges:

A
  1. Dura Mater 2. Arachnoid mater 3. Pia Mater
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57
Q

Function of the meninges

A
  1. cover and protect the CNS 2. protect blood vessels and enclose venous sinuses 3. contain CSF 4. form partitions within the skull
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58
Q

“Mother”

A

Mater

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59
Q

This meningeal layer is leathery, strong meninx composed of two fibrous connective tissue layers:

A

Dura Mater

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60
Q

The dura mater layers (periosteal & meningeal) separate in certain areas and form:

A

Dural Sinuses

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61
Q

Three dural septa extend inward and limit excessive movement of the brain. What are they?

A
  1. Falx Cerebri 2. Falx Cerebelli 3. Tentorium Cerebelli
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62
Q

Falx Cerebri is a fold that dips into the

A

longitudinal fissure

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63
Q

Falx Cerebelli runs along the

A

vermis of theh cerebellum

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64
Q

Tentorium cerebelli is a

A
  • horizontal dural fold - extends into the transverse fissure
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65
Q

“tentorium” means

A

tent like

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66
Q

Dips into the longitudinal fissure

A

Falx Cerebri

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67
Q

runs along the vermis of the cerebellum

A

falx cerebelli

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68
Q

horizontal dural fold extends into the transverse fissure

A

Tentorium cerebelli

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69
Q

Key words for three dural septa: Falx Cerebri: Falx Cerebelli: Tentorium cerebelli:

A
  • Falx Cerebri: LONGITUDINAL fissure
  • Falx Cerebelli: vermis of CEREBELLUM
  • Tentorium cerebelli: HORIZONTAL fold; extends into TRANSVERSE (T:T) fissure
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70
Q

Is there separation at the pia mater?

A

no

71
Q

Is there separation at the falx?

A

yes

72
Q

Arachnoid granulations are :

A
  • villous - found in the S. Sagittal sinus
73
Q

Separation of Right and Left hemispheres:

A

Falx Cerebri

74
Q

The middle meninx is

A

arachnoid mater

75
Q

what separates the arachnoid mater from the dura mater?

A

subdural space

76
Q

Role of subdural space

A
  • separates dura mater from the arachnoid mater - filled with CSF - Large blood vessels
77
Q

Where do arachnoid villi protrude?

A

superiorly into the venous sinus

78
Q

why is it important to have CSF drainage?

A

maintain normal CSF /vol levels

79
Q

This meninx layer is deep and delicate connective tissue. it clings tightly to the brain.

A

pia mater

80
Q

Inflammation of the meninges is called;

A

meningitis (bacterial or viral)

81
Q

meningitis is:

A

Inflammation of the meninges

82
Q

Cranial Nerves Mnemonic

A
  1. Oh 2. Oh 3. Oh 4. To 5. Touch 6. And 7. Feel 8. Very 9. Good 10. Velvet 11. Ah 12. Heaven
83
Q

Cranial Nerves Sensory/Motor Mnemonic

A
  1. Some 2. Say 3. Marry 4. Money 5. But 6. My 7. Brother 8. Says 9. Bad 10. Business 11. Marries 12. Money *S - sensory, M- Motor, B- both
84
Q

Cranial nerve I function type

A
  • Olfactory - smell - sensory
85
Q

Cranial nerve II function type

A

Optic Sight Sensory

86
Q

Cranial nerve III function type

A

-Oculomotor - Eye movement, pupil constriction, accommodation, EYE LID OPENING - Motor

87
Q

Cranial nerve IV function type

A

-Trochlear - Eye movement - motor

88
Q

CN responsible for eye lid opening

A

CN III - oculomotor

89
Q

Cranial nerve V function type

A
  • Trigeminal - mastication, facial sensation - both S/M
90
Q

Cranial nerve VI function type

A
  • Abducens - eye movement - motor
91
Q

Cranial nerve VII function type

A
  • Facial - facial movement, anterior 2/3 taste, lacrimation, salivation, EYE LID CLOSING - both S/M
92
Q

CN responsible for eye lid closing?

A

CN VII (7) Facial

93
Q

Cranial nerve VIII function type

A
  • Vestibulocochlear - hearing, balance - Sensory
94
Q

Cranial nerve IX function type

A
  • Glossopharyngeal - posterior 1/3 taste, swallowing, salivation, monitoring carotid bodies/sinuses - Both s/m
95
Q

CN for anterior 2/3 tongue/taste?

A

CN VII - facial

96
Q

CN for posterior 1/3 tongue/taste?

A

CN IX - glossopharyngeal

97
Q

Cranial nerve X function type

A

Vagus - taste, swallowing, palate elevation, talking, thoraco-abdominal viscera -Both s/m

98
Q

Cranial nerve XI function type

A
  • Accessory -head turning, shoulder shrugging (trapezius) - motor
99
Q

Cranial nerve XII function type

A
  • hypoglossal - tongue movement - motor
100
Q

damage to optic nerve causes

A

blindness

101
Q

injury to oculomotor nerve can cause

A

-strabismus -ptosis - loss of light reflex

102
Q

Trigeminal Neuralgia is also known as

A

“tic douloureux”

103
Q

the most severe facial pain; “suicidal pain” is caused by

A

Trigeminal neuralgia

104
Q

Trigeminal neuralgia involves

A

CN V and IX

V - Trigeminal

IX - glossopharyngeal

105
Q

Bell’s palsy is the result of:

A

paralysis of CN VII (7) - Facial nerve

106
Q

Causes of Bell’s Palsy -

A
  • idiopathic/spontaneous paralysis of facial muscles - loss of taste - HSV1
107
Q

Tx for Bell’s Palsy

A
  • may resolve spontaneously (comes and goes) - surgical decompression of VII nerve (steroid injection) * monitor for Wide Open eye from not closing the eye –> infections/ulcers. “SAVE THE EYE”
108
Q

Damage of CV VIII results in

A

CN Vestibulocochlear - Nerve deafness

109
Q

Damage to Vagus nerve –>

A

hoarseness, loss of voice, impaired gut motility

110
Q

Damage to CN XII:

A

CN Hypoglossal - tongue deviate to affected side - tongue movement restricted

111
Q

Vertebral Column How many total Vertebra? How many vertebra in each section?

A

33 Vertebra - C:7 - T: 12 - L: 5 - S: 5 (fused) - Co: 4 (fused)

112
Q

Functions of Vertebral column

A
  • protect spinal cord, nerves - support body weight - posture and locomotion - variable shapes and sizes - join together by fibrocartilageous intervertebral (IV) discs
113
Q

The Brain Stem leaves what to form spinal cord

A

medulla oblongata

114
Q

these layers not only protect the brain, but also the spinal cord:

A
  • Pia mater - Arachnoid mater - dura mater
115
Q

Gray Matter:

A

the “butterfly” parts - gray commissure - posterior dorsal horn - anterior ventral horn - lateral horn

116
Q

White matter:

A
  • Posterior funiculus - Anterior funiculus - Lateral funiculus
117
Q

Dorsal column tract

A

carries sensory modalities: - Fine touch - Vibration - Proprioception - Two point discrimination *ascending tract?

118
Q

sympathetic preganglionic neurons arise in the

A

intermediolateral horn of the spinal cord

119
Q

All preganglionic fibers pass through the

A

white rami communicans in route to the paravertebral ganglia

120
Q

What are the 3 “fates”/paths of preganglionic fibers:

A
  1. through gray rami communicans to the spinal nerve 2. Ascend or descend in the paravertebral ganglia 3. pass through the paravertebral ganglia without synapsing. connect with peripheral ganglion.
121
Q

Gray ramus function

A

sympathetic outflow - sympathetic postganglionic neurons pass through gray rami to reach the spinal nerve; travel to the skin to constrict skin arterioles and stimulate sweat glands.

122
Q

C fibers

A

are sympathetic postganglionic neurons that pass through the gray rami

123
Q

All sympathetic preganglionic fibers pass through the which rami while some, not all, sympathetic postganglionic fibers pass through

A

gray rami

124
Q

Gray rami are distributed to

A

ALL spinal nerves

125
Q

White ramie are distributed to

A

spinal nerves arising from T1-L2

126
Q

Gray rami allow for:

A

coordinated, mass discharge of sympathetic nervous system.

127
Q

*Key to remember* Grey goes…

A

Out. “Grey goes out” - Sympathetic response: Fight/Flight/Fright

128
Q

Damage to the Inferior cervical ganglion leads to what syndrome?

A

Horner’s syndrome

129
Q

External carotid artery supplies blood to

A

face and muscles -outside of brain

130
Q

Vertebral artery supplies blood to

A

vertebra and supply brain

131
Q

Internal carotid artery supplies blood to

A

the brain

132
Q

Horner’s syndrome is a result of

A

destruction of stellate (inferior cervical) ganglion

133
Q

Horner’s Syndrome is a loss of ___ and the predominance of ____.

A

Loss of sympathetic tone and predominance of parasympathetic tone

134
Q

S/S of Horner’s Syndrome:

A

-Lesion above T1 P - Ptosis (drooping of eyelids) A - Anhidrosis (absence of sweating) M- Miosis (pupil constriction) E - Enophthalamos L - loss of ciliospinal reflex a “Horny PAMELa”

135
Q

Common cause of Horner’s Syndrome

A

scalene block -temporary on the side of injection/block

136
Q

The spinal cord extends from the

A

foramen magnum to L1 in adults and L3 in new born **moves up with age**

137
Q

how long is the spinal cord?

A

41-48 cm long

138
Q

Spinal cord terminates at

A

L2 - conus medullaris

139
Q

filum terminale extends down and anchors in the lower

A

sacral region

140
Q

how many pairs or spinal nerves

A

31

141
Q

Cauda equina is the nerve group in

A

lower dural sac (L1 - S5)

142
Q

Describe the Supraspinous Ligament

A

-Strong fibrous Cord -Sacrum to C7 - Thickest and broadest in lumbar region

143
Q

Describe the Interspinous Ligament

A

-Thing membranous ligament -Thickest and broadest in lumbar region -Full length of column

144
Q

Short segments between spinous processes is the

A

The Ligamentum Flavum (yellow ligament)

145
Q

The outermost, tough, fibrous tube of fibers; runs longitudinally – this is the:

A

dura mater

146
Q

This extends from the foramen magnum to S2 vertebrae

A

dura mater

147
Q

What is a delicate, non-vascular, middle layer that extends to S2?

A

the arachnoid mater

148
Q

The innermost, delicate, microscopic and highly vascular layer is the

A

Pia mater

149
Q

this layer directly covers the roots of the spinal nerves

A

the pia mater

150
Q

Non-vascular layer(s)?

A

Arachnoid (and dura?)

151
Q

Vascular layer(s)?

A

pia mater

152
Q

The space above the dura mate is:

A

the epidural space

153
Q

Epidural space that surrounds

A

the meninges

154
Q

Where is there NO epidural space?

A

cranium

155
Q

the epidural space extends from where to where?

A

from foramen magnum to sacral hiatus

156
Q

Ligamentum flavum bind the epidural space **BOMB**

A

posteriorly **bomb**

157
Q

What binds the epidural space posteriorly?

A

ligamentum flavum

158
Q

Where is the epidural space the widest? cm?

A

-L2 -5-6cm

159
Q

Where is the epidural space the narrowest? cm?

A

-C5 - 1-1.5cm

160
Q

What is a potential/hidden space that can be opened by the separation of the arachnoid mater from dura mater?

A

the subdural space

161
Q

The subdural space can form as a result of :

A

-Trauma - > subdural hematoma -Pathologic process (tumor) -Absence of CSF (cadaver) where arachnoid mater falls away from the dura mater

162
Q

Subarachnoid space lies b/w

A

arachnoid mater and pia mater

163
Q

The space b/w the arachnoid and pia maters is the:

A

subarachnoid space

164
Q

CSF is found in the

A

subarachnoid space

165
Q

Where does blood supply to the spinal cord and nerve roots come from?

A
  • Single Anterior spinal artery - Paried posterior spinal arteries
166
Q

The principle site of action of neuraxial blockage is the:

A

nerve roots

167
Q

Identify the following: -Epidural Space -Supraspinous ligament -Ligamentum flavum -Dura -Subarachnoid space -Vertebrae -Intervertebral Disk - Arachnoid membrane -Interspinous Ligament

A

1 -Epidural Space 2-Supraspinous ligament 3 -Ligamentum flavum 6 -Dura 7 -Subarachnoid space 9 -Vertebrae 8 -Intervertebral Disk 5- Arachnoid membrane 4-Interspinous Ligament

168
Q

Lumbar Puncture - purpose? - position? - obtained from? - Structures?

A
  • to obtain CSF - spine flexion (“shrimp”) - from lumbar subarachnoid space b/w L4-L5. - Skin, sq tissue, supraspinous ligament, interspinous ligament, ligamentum flavum, epidural space, dura, subdural space, arachnoid mater, subarachnoid space
169
Q

“Tuffier’s line”

A

anatomical landmark L4 superior aspect of iliac crest

170
Q

Substantia Gelatinosa is located? function?

A

-Laminae II - Posterior column -Pain relief area

171
Q

how many mixed nerves arise from the spinal cord?

A

31 pairs

172
Q

what parts of the body do the spinal nerves supply?

A

all parts of the body EXCEPT the HEAD

173
Q

Spinal nerves are named according to

A

their point of issue

174
Q

name and number of all spinal nerve (segments):

A

8 cervical (c1-c8) 12 thoracic (T1-T12) 5 Lumbar (L1-L5) 5 Sacral (S1-S5) 1 Coccygeal (C0)

SUM'20 - Anatomy & Physiology (11 decks)

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