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Human Anatomy and Physiology > Week 1 Module 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Module 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Around how many types of cells are there in the human body?

A

Around 200 types.

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2
Q

What makes structure so important in biology?

A

Structure is always related to function.

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3
Q

What does it mean if a cell is totipotent?

A

It is able to become every possible cell in the body.

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4
Q

Explain where cells start.

A

An egg cell is fertilised, becoming a zygote. From there it goes through proliferation (cell division) and diffentiation to become all the different types of specialised cells, forming germ layers.

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5
Q

What are Eukaryotic cells?

A

Cells belonging to animals, plants, and fungi.

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6
Q

What do Eukaryotic cells contain, and what are its main components?

A

They contain membrane bound organelles, and the main components are the nucleus, cytoplasm, and membrane.

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7
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

It is the control centre of the cell, containing the instructions the cell requires in genes, and regulates gene expression through activation and repression.

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8
Q

Where are ribosomes synthesised?

A

In the nucleolus.

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9
Q

Do all cells contain one nucleus?

A

No, as some have multiple or none. The nucleus is usually prominent in the cell when looking through a microscope.

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10
Q

What is the Nuclear Membrane?

A

A double membrane structure that protects genetic information and allows communication inside and out of the nucleus through nuclear pores.

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11
Q

What is the connection between the nucleus and Endoplasmic Reticulum?

A

The Nuclear membrane continues into the rough ER, which is vital for protein synthesis.

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12
Q

What is known as the nucleus of the nucleus?

A

Nucleolus.

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13
Q

What length of DNA is wrapped around proteins, and what are the proteins called?

A

2m are wrapped around histones, forming chromatin that condenses into chromosomes.

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14
Q

What are the two forms of chromatin?

A

Euchromatin, and heterochromatin.

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15
Q

What is Euchromatin?

A

Open, lightly stained, and active DNA.

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16
Q

What is Heterochromatin?

A

Compact, darkly stained, ansn8nactive DNA.

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17
Q

What are the key components in translation and transcription?

A

DNA, mRNA, tRNA, and proteins.

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18
Q

What type of sugar does DNA contain, and what are its base pairings?

A

Contains deoxyribonucleic sugar in the sugar phosphate backbone, and is double stranded. Base pairings are AT and CG.

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19
Q

What type of sugar is in RNA, and what are its base pairings?

A

Contains ribose sugar in the sugar phosphate backbone, and is single stranded. Base pairings are AU CG.

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20
Q

What is mRNA?

A

Messenger RNA copies the opposite bases of the coding strand.

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21
Q

What happens in transcription?

A

External signals activate the required gene, and the DNA uncoils at that location. The mRNA is then assembled complimentary to the coding DNA strand. Many mRNA molecules are made. The gene is sorted into codons to allow translation. The mRNA then leaves the cytoplasm.

22
Q

What is tRNA?

A

Transfer RNA carries amino acid blocks based on mRNA sequences.

23
Q

What is rRNA?

A

Ribosomal RNA is a structural unit.

24
Q

What happens in translation?

A

mRNA is in the cytoplasm while DNA remains in the nucleus. It finds a ribosome that reads the message and a protein begins to form with amino acids. It goes through the stages of initiation, elongation, and termination, resulting in a polypeptide chain.

25
What is Initiation in Translation?
mRNA sits inside the ribosome, tRNA reads the sequence and gathers the required amino acids.
26
What occurs in Elongation in Translation?
Amino acids are joined together, forming polypeptides.
27
What happens in Termination in Translation?
One of 3 stop codons is read, ending the process as the protein is fully formed, leaving the ribosome and being transported further in the cell where it is modified as necessary.
28
What type of blocks are amino acids?
Building blocks essential to the suvival and function of every cell.
29
What do proteins provide?
Structure and framework to every cell, also regulating body processes.
30
What is included in the cytoplasm?
Making around 55% of the cell, the cytoplasm is everythiung outside of the nucleus but inside the cell. This includes the cytosol (fluid in the cell) and the organelles.
31
How much water makes up the cytoplasm?
It is around 75% water, with the amount changing depending on the cell type.
32
What type of fluid is in the cytoplasm?
It is a viscous type of fluid, meaning it had other molecules in it (i.e. ions, glucose, amino acids, ATP, and waste).
33
How much water would be in the cytoplasm of an active cell?
Less water if plenty of proteins are being made. Lazy cell is teh opposite.
34
Explain Ribosomes.
Protein factory machinery. Made in the nucleolus, made of one large and one small subunit. Can be attached to rough ER (used for complex proteins that need modification) or free in the cytoplasm (short non-complex proteins).
35
Explain the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum.
Contains ribosomes along the surface. Function is to give proteins a 3-dimensional structure. It is connected to the nuclear envelope, ensuring mRNA and proteins do not need to travel far.
36
Explain the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum.
No ribosomes, but contains unique enzymes to synthesise fatty acids and steroids. Function depends on cell type. An example is that they are used for detoxification in the liver.
37
Explain the Golgi Complex.
Near rough ER - the packaging and secretion centre. There are many cisternae (folds) where protein is modified and/or packaged and distributed. It is continuously regenerating.
38
What are the two surfaces of the golgi complex?
- Entry surface (cis cisternae - closest to rough ER) - Exit surface (trans cisternae - facing plasma membrane)
39
Explain vesicles/vacuoles.
Membrane bound organelles that act as vehicles carrying proteins, enzymes, hormones, water, and wastes throughout the cell. Vacuoles: vesicles that carry water or waste. Small, roam around the cell and carry stuff out, continuously being formed.
40
Explain the Mitochondria. (function)
Fights nucleus for power, makes all energy/ATP - is the powerhours of the cell. Has its own DNA Every cell has 100 - 1000 mitochondria (i.e. muscles have more) Inherited maternally.
41
Explain the Mitochondria. (structure)
Double membrane with folds where cellular respiration occurs (glucose and oxygen converted). Inward folds - cristae, inner space - matrix.
42
Explain Lysosomes.
Membrane bound enclosed vesicle - garbage site of the cell. Contains many enzymes (~50) that break down ineffective proteins or out of date organelles. Ensures internal cell is safe. Formed from a golgi complex. Inside is acidic, with enzymes to ensure breakdown.
43
What is the Cytoskeleton and give an example of a cell it is vital to?
Provides structural support and allows cell to move freely and be flexible. Vital in red blood cells that need to squeeze through capillaries.
44
What is the Cytoskeleton made up of?
Intermediate filament, microtubules, and actin filament. These are rigid protein structures (made up of protein chains) which are continuously remodelled until giving rise to the Cytoskeleton.
45
Explain Centrosomes.
Made up of microtubules. During mitosis, they move to opposite ends of the cell, attaching themselves to the chromosomes inside the nucleus. Ensure chrosomes are pulled apart and equal DNA is distributed to opposite poles of the cell for the daughter cells.
46
What is the similarity between Microvilli, Cillia, and Flagella?
They are all projections extending off cells surface.
47
What are Microvilli?
Short extensions on the surface of the cell that increases surface area. Seen in digestive tract, look like udders. Epithelial. Add to surface area and make absorption of nutrients more effective.
48
What are Cilia?
Hair-like projections, smaller than microvilli. They propel water and particle across the surface of the cell. Aids movement - seen in respiratory tract. Moves unilaterally.
49
What are Flagella?
A single structure (like a tail) that controls movement of the cell. Aids in movement of a whole cell.
50
What is the importance of nuclear pores?
Communication, and allowing the mRNA to leave the nucleus.
51
What is the importance of redundancy in codons?
Having multiple codes for the same amino acid is redundancy but is defence against some mutations.

Human Anatomy and Physiology (3 decks)

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