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Radiology > Week 1 Lecture Objectives > Flashcards

Week 1 Lecture Objectives Flashcards

1
Q

Explain purpose of bitewing radiography

A

Early detection of interproximal dental caries
Ability to detect decay around margins of fillings
Accurate representation of bone level

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2
Q

List desired criteria for bitewings

A 
All contacts open 
Film shows equal amounts of crowns 
Alveolar crest visible between all teeth
No cone cutting
Good density and contrast
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3
Q

What is an element?

A

Smallest particle of substance

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4
Q

What is an atom?

A

Smallest particles of an element

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5
Q

Discuss the components of the nucleus

A

The central, positively charged core of an atom; composed of protons and neutrons

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6
Q

Discuss the components of an electron

A

Tiny negatively charged particle found outside of the nucleus in the atom

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7
Q

Discuss the components of a proton

A

positively(+) charged particle with a mass of one

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8
Q

Discuss the components of a neutron

A

an electrically neutral or unchanged particle

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9
Q

Ionization

A

Ion ejected from shell (+ or -) causing it to be uneven

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10
Q

How are x-rays produced?

A

When high speed electrons are suddenly decelerated or brought to a stop
Some energy is converted into electromagnetic radiation or x-rays

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11
Q

What are the 4 conditions necessary for x-ray production?

A
  1. Generation of electrons
  2. Production of high speed electrons
  3. Focusing of electrons
  4. Sudden stoppage of electrons
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12
Q

Explain the process of generation of electrons

A

Electrical current heats cathode (made of tungsten and focusing cup)
Separation of electrons from tungsten filament
Boil off; called “thermionic emission”
Electron cloud – controlled by mA

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13
Q

Explain the production of high speed electrons

A

High voltage created between sides (kVp Kilovolt Peak)

“Boiled off” electrons sent from cathode to anode. Always in one direction, Negative to positive

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14
Q

Explain focusing the electrons

A

The focusing cup designed to direct the electrons to target spot (anode)

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15
Q

Explain sudden stoppage of electrons

A

Electrons hit hard solid anode –stopped abruptly

The efficiency of x-ray production is very low

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16
Q

What is tungsten?

A

A strong metal, a lot of electrons, retains shape and properties, high melting point

17
Q

Explain Bremsstrahlung Radiation

A

Bombarding electron comes at a high speed and hits another electron of tungsten. It gets really close to the nucleus and the electron stops and veers off in another direction giving off a lot of heat and a little bit of x-ray.

18
Q

Explain characteristic radiation

A

Bombarding electron comes at a high speed and hits another electron of tungsten. The electron knocks off a K-shell electron and ejects it.

19
Q

How much kVp is needed to eject the electron from characteristic radiation?

A

70 kVp

20
Q

Explain particulate radiation

A

Although extremely small, is still does possess mass
Does contain a charge
Alpha particles
Electrons (Beta particles and Cathode rays)

21
Q

Explain electromagnetic radiation

A

Propagation of wavelike energy through space or mass at the speed of light

22
Q

What is the wave concept of x-rays?

A

Wavelike energy which has no mass or charge and travels through space or matter at the speed of light

23
Q

Wavelength

A

More waves if there is more power, length between each peak

24
Q

Short wavelengths

A

Great penetration
High energy
High frequency

25
Q

Long wavelengths

A

Low penetration
Low energy
Low frequency
Gets absorbed

26
Q

Characteristics of x-rays

A

Behaves like light, invisible
Spread over distance like a beam of light
Travels in a straight line - even if it is wavelength
Penetrate materials that absorb or reflect visible light
Ionize atoms
Produce fluorescence of certain substances
Differentially absorbed by matter
Produce biologic changes

27
Q

Where is the placement supposed to be for a premolar bite wing?

A

Far enough forward to see the distal of canine

28
Q

Where is the placement supposed to be for a molar bite wing?

A

Far enough back to see the third molar space and the 2nd molar needs to be centered

29
Q

When the electrons are stopped abruptly what does the kinetic energy of the electrons convert to?

A

99% is converted to heat energy

1% converted to x-radiation

30
Q

What does incorrect vertical angulation cause?

A

Causing cusps to overlap

31
Q

What are two types of electromagnetic radiation?

A

X-rays and gamma rays

32
Q

Explain how gamma rays work (simply)

A

Emitted from the nucleus of radioactive atoms

Radiology (6 decks)

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