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FOM Lecture PPT > Week 1, Lecture 2: Structure of Nucleic Acids > Flashcards

Week 1, Lecture 2: Structure of Nucleic Acids Flashcards

1
Q

What are the Monomeric Units of Nucleic acids, DNA and RNA?

A

Nucleotides

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2
Q

Nucleotides consist of what ?. How are they linked?

A

nitrogenous base, a five-carbon sugar, and a phosphate….linked by phosphodiester bonds between the 3 -sugar of one nucleotide and the 5 -sugar of the next nucleotide

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3
Q

DNA contains the sugar ____? RNA contains ?

A

2 -deoxyribose; ribose

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4
Q

DNA and RNA contain the purine bases

A

adenine (A) and guanine (G)

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5
Q

DNA contains the pyrimidine bases ?

A

cytosine (C) and thymine (T)

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6
Q

RNA contains the pyrimidine bases ?

A

C and uracil (U)

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7
Q

transcription of a gene generates ?

A

single-stranded RNA

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8
Q

the three major types of RNA?

A

are messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and transfer RNA (tRNA)

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9
Q

What RNAs are required for protein sythesis?

A

rRNA and tRNA

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10
Q

rRNA is complexed with proteins to form ribonucleoprotein particles called? what does this bind?

A

ribosomes, which bind mRNA and tRNAs during translation

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11
Q

What does tRNA contain and where does it bind?

A

anticodon that binds to a complementary codon on mRNA, ensuring insertion of the correct amino acid into the protein being synthesized

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12
Q

DNA is complexed with proteins called ?

A

histones to form nucleosomes that are further condensed into wound chromatin

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13
Q

where is DNA found in the Eukaryote?

A

nucleus and mitochondria

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14
Q

nucleosides lack …?

A

inorganic phosphates of nucleotides

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15
Q

deoxyribonucleotides are abbreviated?

A

dNMP, dNDP

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16
Q

what is the backbone of DNA made of?

A

sugar-phosphate backbone, created by phosphodiester bonds

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17
Q

what charge does DNA have? how does this help?

A

negative die to oxygen. aids in the binding of specific proteins.

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18
Q

DNA has three conformations?

A

B-DNA (right-handed helix) , A-DNA (right-handed helix), Z-DNA (left-handed helix)

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19
Q

found in DNA-RNA hybrids and is more compact than B-DNA?

A

A-DNA

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20
Q

DNA conformation that is formed briefly during transcription?

A

Z-DNA

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21
Q

the genome is all of an organism’s ??

A

DNA (nuclear and mitochondrial)

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22
Q

the nuclear genome of a human haploid cell (sperm or egg) contains # of chromosomes?

A

23

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23
Q

all mitotic progeny of the diploid zygote have a homologous pair of ….?

A

22 autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes (male = X,Y; female = X,X) for a total of 46 chromosomes in a single diploid cell

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24
Q

the display of the 46 human chromosomes is called ?

A

Karyotype

25
Q

How can chromosomes be distinguished?

A

size, staining patterns, and FISH color

26
Q

each DNA molecule that forms a linear chromosome must contain what?

A

a centromere, two telomeres (ends) and a replication origin

27
Q

Ex. what is this event: a piece of chromosome 4 that had become attached to chromosome 12 through an abnormal recombination event.

A

chromosomal translocation

28
Q

what does FISH stand for and when is it used?

A

This technique is called spectral karyotyping and it is a form of of fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH).

29
Q

The banding patterns of human chromosomes are made by what stain?

A

Giemsa stain, then light microscope.

30
Q

specific location on a chromosome/

A

genetic locus

31
Q

alternate gene versions are called?

A

alleles, two for each gene, one obtained maternally and one paternally

32
Q

if the alleles functionally differ then the gene is called what?

A

heterozyous

33
Q

a correlation exists between the complexity of an organism and the number of what?

A

genes in its genome

34
Q

two species have essentially the same set of genes, and that in many cases the genes are found in the same order (mouse and human)? what is this called?

A

conserved synteny

35
Q

Mobile genetic elements in our genome?

A

LINES, SINES, retroviral-like elements, and DNA-only transposons

36
Q

short nucleotide sequences that are repeated for long stretches?

A

Simple sequence repeats

37
Q

large blocks of the genome (100K -200k) that are present at two or more locations in the genome?

A

Segmental suplications

38
Q

describe Prokaryote DNA? how is it packaged?

A

single circular chromosome of double-stranded DNA, DNA is supercoiled and attached to an RNA-protein core

39
Q

histones that contain large amounts what AA’s?

A

histones that contain large amounts of arginine and lysine

40
Q

further compaction of chromatin occurs as the strings of nucleosomes wind into helical, tubular coils called?

A

solenoids

41
Q

this higher order chromatin structure is mediated by ?

A

H1 histones, but also, especially by the “tails” of the core histones

42
Q

each of the core histones has what?

A

long N-terminal amino acid “tail” which extends out from the core

43
Q

How are the tails of histones modified?

A

acetylation of lysines( added by HATs) (removed by HDACs), methylation of lysines and phosphorylation of serines

44
Q

what is the critical role of histone acetylation?

A

destabilizing chromatin structure , removing positive charge from lysine

45
Q

chromatin that is loose or “open” for transcription and replication is called ?

A

euchromatin

46
Q

chromatin that is most highly condensed, and thus closed to processes such as transcription is called ?

A

heterochromatin

47
Q

acetylation of tail histones is associated with ? de-acetylation is associated with?

A

euchromatin, heterochromatin

48
Q

What is often upregulated in cancer cells? what does this lead to ?

A

HDACs, to silencing of expression of tumor suppressor genes (such as p53

49
Q

how do ; uracil & thymine differ?

A

the presence of a methyl group in thymine at position 5 of the ring

50
Q

What is it called:RNAs can also act as enzymes ?

A

ribozymes

51
Q

mRNA processing?

A

introns, poly-a-tail and cap

52
Q

where is mRNA processed?

A

nucleus

53
Q

what are the subunits in prokaryotyic ribosomes? Eukaryotic?

A

Prokaryotic ribosomes have 50S and 30S subunits and eukaryotic ribosomes have 60S and 40S subunits

54
Q

RNA molecules that carry amino acids to ribosomes and ensure they are incorporated into the correct positions in the polypeptide chain are what?

A

tRNA

55
Q

pairing of three bases in the tRNA with mRNA are what?

A

anti-codons and codons

56
Q

serve as primers for DNA replication?

A

oligonucleotides

57
Q

what are the key functions of miRNAs?

A

development, cell differentiation, regulation of the cell cycle & apoptosis. regulate mRNA degradation, translation, chromatin condensation

58
Q

What happens when microRNAs are mutated?

A

can act as either an oncogene or tumor suppressor gene in human cancers

FOM Lecture PPT (7 decks)

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