Week 1 Lecture 1

Question 1

Metabolic equivalent of task (MET)

Answer 1

Or metabolic equivalent is the physiological measure expressing the energy cost (or calories expended ) of physical activity
1 MET is the energy equivalent expended by an individual while seated at rest (3.5 ml/kg/min O2 uptake)
An activity with a MET value of 5 means your expending 5 times the energy (number of calories than you would at rest)

Question 2

MET minutes (METs - min/week)

Answer 2

IS time engaged in an activity with consideration to the number of METs
Eg- jogging at 7 METS for 30 mins 3d/w= 7METs x 30 = [210 MET/MIN] x 3 = 630 MET/MIN/WEEK

Question 3

Sedentary METs

Answer 3

EE= 1- 1.5 METS

Question 4

Light METS

Answer 4

EE=1.5 TO < 3 METS

Question 5

Moderate METS

Answer 5

EE = 3 - < 6 METS

Question 6

Vigorous PA METS

Answer 6

EE > 6 METS

Question 7

Factors affecting health a disease

Answer 7

Heart disease, respiratory diseases, stroke , cancer , liver disease
Are responsible for > 150,000 deaths per year in under 75 year olds
Department of health estimates that 30,000 of these are entirely avoidable
Alzheimer’s is the leading cause of death for over 75s

Question 8

Inherited or biological factors

Answer 8

Age
Gender
Race
Susceptibility to disease

Question 9

Environmental factors

Answer 9

Physical
Socioeconomic
Family

Question 10

Behavioural factors

Answer 10

Poor nutrition
Inactivity
Smoking

Question 11

Obesity prevalence

Answer 11

Body mass index (BMI)
> 29.9KG/M2 AS obese

Question 12

Physical inactivity

Answer 12

More than 25% of adults in the uk are inactive, doing less than 30 min of moderate PA a week

Question 13

Physical inactivity= cardiorespiratory effects

Answer 13

Heart disease, myocardial infraction, hypertension, stroke, hemostasis, congestive heart failure, endothelial dysfunction, atherosclerosis , peripheral artery disease, deep vein thrombosis

Question 14

Physical inactivity- skeletal muscle effects

Answer 14

Sacropenia, disuse atrophy

Question 15

Physical inactivity nervous effects

Answer 15

Congestive dysfunction, depression, anxiety

Question 16

Physical inactivity digestive effects

Answer 16

Nonalcoholic fatty liver, colorectal cancer, diverticulitis, constipation

Question 17

Physical inactivity reproduction effects

Answer 17

Breast cancer, endometrial cancer, polycystic ovary syndrome, gestational diabetes, pre- eclampsia, eréctiles dysfunction.

Question 18

Physical inactivity Immune effects

Answer 18

Rheumatoid arthritis, pain

Question 19

Physical inactivity bone effects

Answer 19

Osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, balance, fracture/ falls

Question 20

Physical inactivity endocrine effects

Answer 20

Insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, obesity.

Question 21

Relative risk or risk ration (RR)

Answer 21

Is the ratio of the probability of an event occurring in an exposed group to the probability of the event occurring in a comparison, non exposed group.
Eg decoupling a disease,being injured, premature death

Question 22

The survival function

Answer 22

Is the probability that a patient will survive beyond a specific time point.
Value of 1 = survival
0.8= 20% morality risk

Question 23

Alternative healthy eating index and morality AHEI

Answer 23

AHEI score based on = vegetables, fruit, nuts and soy, white: red meat, trans fat, poly: sat fat, fibre, multivitamin use, alcohol
A healthier diet can affect longevity. Adherence to AHE index reduces risk of all cause and CVD morality.
Higher the score the higher the diet
Inverse does = the more you do the better

Question 24

Healthy eating vs physical activity

Answer 24

Benefits
Lowers risk for heart disease
Reduces risk for certain cancers
Lowers blood pressure
Improves lipid profile
Prevents obesity
Prevents diabetes
Builds healthy bones
Enhances immune function

PA
Relives stress, improves mood, promotes self-esteem
Increases functional health

Question 25

PA or PF whats more important ?

Answer 25

30% reduced risk of CVD compared to people with the lowest levels of PA
65% reduced risk compared to people with the lowest levels of CRF
Having a high level of CRF results in a greater decrease in CVD risk than simply having high levels of PA

Question 26

Fitness or fatness which is more important?

Answer 26

Men who are obese + fit have similar risk of all cause mortality vs lean + fit men
Lean unfair men have double the risk of all cause of morality compared to obese + fit men.

Question 27

How much exercise is enough for avoidance of disease

Answer 27

F= 5 D/WK
1= MODERATE
T= 0.5 H/DAY
WALK - 6-12 MILES/WK

Question 28

How much exercise is enough for Fitness

Answer 28

F= 3-4 d/wk
I = vigorous/ hard
T= 0.5 -0.75h/day
Jog- 10 miles/wk

Question 29

How much exercise is enough for performance

Answer 29

F= 7 d/wk
I= very hard
T= 2H/day
Run - 100 miles/ wk

Question 30

Summary evidence

Answer 30

People that report being more physically active are healthier
- dose- response relationship
Benefits start at 1000kcal/wk or even lower at 500 MET min/wk
-higher intensity exercise yields more favourable effects on morality and disease risk than lower intensity exercise.

Moderate or high levels of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) reduces the risk of all- cause and CVD morality in both men and women.

Findings are consistent and plausible but observational, need to perform an intervention to determine causality.