Week 1 - Lab - Limbs

Question 1

What are the two ends of a clavicle?

Answer 1

Lateral - flat end

Medial - broad end

Question 2

What are the rough areas on the inferior surface of the lateral and medial heads of the clavicle for?

Answer 2

Medial rough area - costoclavicular (1st rib –> clavicle) ligament
Lateral rough area - Coracoclavicular ( coracoid process –> clavicle) ligament

Question 3

Where is the glenoid fossa and what is it for?

Answer 3

It’s on the scapula, used in the glenohumeral joint

Question 4

What are the two fossa on the posterior side of the scapula, and which two muscles sit in them??

Answer 4

Supraspinous fossa - supraspinatus

Infraspinous fossa - infraspinatus

Question 5

What’s the name of the anterior surface of the scapula?

Answer 5

Subscapular fossa, in which the subscapularis sits

Question 6

Describe how the scapula sits in a skeleton

Answer 6

The bone lies approximately midway between the coronal and sagittal planes
The anterior surface rests largely on the ribs, known as the costal surface - though there are two muscles between the two bones

Question 7

Which three features of the shoulder girdle form attachments for the trapezius and the deltoid muscles?

Answer 7

The spine of the scapula, the acromion and the clavicle

Question 8

Describe the upper end of the humerus

Answer 8

Has a round medial head that’s the articular surface - about half a sphere
Two tuberosities - the lesser and the groove face anteriorly. Greater tuberosity is lateral
There are smooth areas on the tuberosities where rotator cuff muscles attach
Slightly lower is the prominent rough area on the lateral side - this is the deltoid tuberosity

Question 9

Where is the subacromial space found?

Answer 9

Between the acromion and the humerus

Question 10

What forms an arch over the humerus?

Answer 10

The coracoacromial ligament, connecting the coracoid on the anterior side and the acromion immediately above the humerus

Question 11

What are the four spines of the ilium?

Answer 11

Anterior superior iliac spine
Anterior Inferior iliac spine
Posterior superior iliac spine
Posterior inferior iliac spine

Question 12

Where on the hipbone is the gluteal surface?

Answer 12

It’s the broad blade of the ilium, and is where gluteal muscles attach

Question 13

Where is the iliac fossa?

Answer 13

On the medial side of the iliium, and is where iliacus muscle attaches

Question 14

What connects the ASIS to the pubis?

Answer 14

The inguinal ilgament

Question 15

What do we sit on?

Answer 15

The ischial tuberosity

Question 16

What is the ischiopubic ramus?

Answer 16

A long bony bar, formed by the single ramus of the ischium meeting the inferior ramus of the pubis

Question 17

Describe the attachments of the sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligaments. What do they do?

Answer 17

Sacrotuberous - sacrum –> ischial tuberosity

Sacrospinous - sacrum –> ischial spine

Question 18

What forms the sacrum?

Answer 18

Five fused joints

Question 19

Which processes of the sacrum meet the ilium?

Answer 19

Alae - ala singular - these are wing-like processes which have auricular surfaces for the articulation

Question 20

Where are the foramina for ventral and dorsal rami of the sacral nerves?

Answer 20

On the anterior and posterior sides of the sacrum

Question 21

Describe key landmarks of the femur

Answer 21

Femur head is more of a sphere than the humerus head, and the neck is well defined
Femur has greater and lesser trochanters joined by the intertrochanteric shaft on the anterior side
Femur has a intertrochanteric crest on the posterior side, as well as a linea aspera running down the shaft

Question 22

Describe the division of the coracoclavicular ligament

Answer 22

The coracoclavicular ligament consists of two fasciculi, the trapezoid ligament at the front and the conoid ligament behind. There is very little movement at the AC joint

Question 23

Describe the orientation of the parts of the hip bone to the joint

Answer 23

Ilium is lateral and above ischium is posterior and the ischiopubic ramus is medial

Question 24

What marks the site of attachment of the ligament of the hip joint to the head of the femur?

Answer 24

The fovea, a small pit

Question 25

Which three muscles are inserted around the tendon of the long head of the bicep?

Answer 25

The Latissimus dorsi, the teres major and pectoralis major

Question 26

Describe the location of the rhomboid muscles and the levator scapulae

Answer 26

Rhomboid is inferior to the LS, attaching to the vertebrae
LS attaches to the neck and runs down underneath the scapula
Both muscles cross the back from the centre

Question 27

What are the four rotator cuff muscles?

Answer 27

Subscapularis - occupies entire anterior/costal surface of the scapula
Supraspinatus, infraspinatus and teres minor are on the posterior side

Question 28

Which are the thick and thin parts of the deltoid?

Answer 28

Thick is the middle lateral part

Thin are the anterior and posterior parts

Question 29

What does the pectoralis minor attach to?

Answer 29

Coracoid process

Question 30

Describe the location and action of the serratus anterior

Answer 30

Large, flat muscles with a saw-tooth appearance, due to bundles being attached to the rib. Muscle converges to the medial border of the scapula
SR draws the scapula forwards
Used when punching

Question 31

Describe the long head of the bicep

Answer 31

Arises in the supraglenoid tubercle. It’s a slender tendon emerging through the capsule of the shoulder joint, and is located in the intertubercular sulcus

Question 32

Where does the short head of the bicep attach, and what shares this attachment and tendon?

Answer 32

Coracoid
The coracobrachialis, a slender muscle shares the attachment and tendon. This muscle runs down to the middle of the shaft of the humerus

Question 33

What is the large elbow flexor, deep to the biceps?

Answer 33

The brachialis muscle

Question 34

Where do the three heads of the triceps originate from?

Answer 34

1 from the infraglenoid tubercle on the scapula

2 from the posterior side of the humerus

Question 35

Describe the location of the sartorius muscle

Answer 35

A long strap running from the hip bone, diagonally across the thigh to the medial side of the knee

Question 36

Describe the location of the psoas major muscle

Answer 36

Often combined with iliacus = iliopsoas, found at the top medial side of the thigh. Medial to the TFL and sartorius, lateral to the adductor longus

Question 37

Where do you find the rectus femoris and where is it’s origin?

Answer 37

Origin - proximal attachment on the hipbone

Found running in a thick band, lateral to the sartorius

Question 38

Describe the patella tendon

Answer 38

This is the common tendon of the three vasti muscles and the rectus femoris
It attaches to the patella and continues to the tibia

Question 39

Where is the short tensor fasciae latae?

Answer 39

On the extreme lateral side

It’s a fibrous band running along the thick beyond the knee, and belongs to the lateral compartment

Question 40

Where is the gracilis?

Answer 40

The long, slender muscle is on the medial side of the leg

Question 41

What is the bulk of the leg’s medial muscle compartment formed by?

Answer 41

The three adductor muscles

Question 42

Describe the layout of the three adductor muscles

Answer 42

The adductor longus is visible from the front

Posterior to AL is the adductor brevis, followed by the adductor magnus - the largest one

Question 43

What gives attachment to a substantial part of the gluteus maximus?

Answer 43

The sacrotuberous tubercle

Question 44

Describe the layout of the Glute max, med and min

Answer 44

Glute med covers most of the glute min on the anterior side of the ilium
Glute med occupies a considerable area on the ilium and part of the muscle is covered by the glute max
Glute med and glute min are attached to the greater trochanter of the femur

Question 45

Which three muscles run down the posterior region of the thigh from the ischial tuberosity? Describe them

Answer 45

Bicep femoris - deviates laterally towards the fibula, has two heads
Semitendinosus - goes to medial side of the knee, has a long tendon making up nearly 1/2 its length
Semimembranosus - has a flat membrane-like surface over a considerable part of it’s length

These are the hamstrings, extensors of the hip, flexors of the knee

Question 46

Where is the sciatic nerve?

Answer 46

Running along the hamstrings, thickest nerve of the body
Separates into two nerves, the thicker tibial nerve running straight down the middle and the thinner common fibular deviating to the lateral side