Week 1 Key Terms Flashcards
Bandura’s Social Learning Theory
Bandura agreed that the physical and social environments are important but he also advocated for the role of thought and emotion as contributors to development
An approach that emphasizes the role of modeling and observational learning over people’s behavior in addition to reinforcement and punishment
Behaviorist perspective
Examines only behavior that can be observed and believed that all behavior is influenced by the physical and social environment
John Watson, Ivan Pavlov, B.F. Skinner, Albert Bandura
Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Systems Theory
A theory introduced by Urie Brofenbrenner (1917-2005) that emphasizes the role of contexts in development, positing that contexts are organized into a series of systems in which individuals are embedded and that interact with one another and the person to influence development
Classical Conditioning
A form of learning in which an environmental stimulus becomes associated with stimuli that elicit reflex responses.
An unconditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus to elicit an unconditioned response. Ultimately, the neutral stimulus becomes the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned response becomes the conditioned response.
(Ivan Pavlov)
Cognitive Development
The maturation of thought processes and the tools that we use to obtain knowledge, become aware of the world around us, and solve problems
Cohort
A generation of people born at the same time, influenced by the same historical and cultural conditions
Context
Unique conditions in which a person develops, including aspects of the physical and social environment such as family, neighborhood, culture, and historical period
Continuous vs. Discontinuous development
A human development theoretical controversy:
Continuous development is the view that development consists of gradual cumulative changes in existing skills and capacities while…
Discontinuous development is the view that growth entails abrupt transformations in abilities and capacities in which new ways of interacting with the world emerge.
Erikson’s psychosocial theory
Erik Erikson (1902-1994)
Individuals progress through 8 stages of psychosocial development that include changes in how they understand and interact with others, and how they understand themselves and their roles as members of society
- Trust vs. Mistrust
- Autonomy vs. Shame and doubt
- Initiative vs. Guilt
- Industry vs. Inferiority
- Identity vs. Role Confusion
- Intimacy vs. Isolation
- Generativity vs. Stagnation
- Integrity vs. Despair
Multi-Dimensional
A principle of human development that individual development entails changes in many overlapping and interactive areas (dimensions) such as physical, cognitive, and socio-emotional
Multi-Directional
Development consists of both gains and losses, growth and decline, throughout the lifespan
Multi-Disciplinary
A principle of human development that the contributions of many disciplines are needed to understand how people grow, think, and interact with their world
Nature-Nurture Issue
A human development theoretical controversy:
A debate within the field of human development regarding whether development is caused by nature (genetics, heredity) or nurture (physical, social environment)
Observational Learning
Learning that occurs by watching and imitating models, as posited by social learning theory
Operant Conditioning
A form of learning in which behavior increases or decreases based on environmental consequences (positive & negative, reinforcement & punishment)
(B.F. Skinner)
